Gay Marriage Should Be Legal - 2280 Words

Transgender Discrimination The United States has been divided on LGBTQ issues for a long time, and last year when the Supreme Court ruled that gay marriage was legal, many states have tried to discover creative ways to ignore the law or pass bills that restrict LGBT rights. Since gay marriage has become legal in all fifty states, many activists have taken to focusing on gaining more equality for transgender people. States, such as Mississippi and North Carolina, have also tried to pass anti-transgender bathroom laws. These laws have caused massive backlash but have also received support from many citizens. The laws require people to go to the bathroom that corresponds with the gender on their birth certificate. Not only are these laws almost impossible to enforce, they openly discriminate against transgender people, encourage hate, and affect people who are transgender negatively, mentally and physically. The bathroom has become a political battleground for civil rights in America, a nd it is imperative to the nation’s future civil rights liberties how the bathroom debate is handled. Bathroom segregation has a long history in the United States. It began in the 1800s when women first started working in factories. Different bathrooms for men and women were put into place, for privacy and to better control the work environment. This initiated public bathrooms and sex segregation in America (Rhodan). Segregation was taken a step further with the passing of Jim Crow laws, whichShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Shou ld Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant

Improving Eye Care Rural India Free Essays

How private entrepreneurship is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes Introduction CATARACT refers to the clouding of the lens in the human oculus, impacting vision.[ 1 ]In the underdeveloped universe, cataract is the cause for sightlessness in about half the unsighted population i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Eye Care Rural India or any similar topic only for you Order Now 50 % of the recorded figure of blindness instances.[ 2 ]While jobs of unavailability continue to blight many parts of the developing universe – about two-thirds of the population in many developing states are unable to entree quality medical resources A ; substructure chiefly because quality medical attention or oculus attention in this instance is still urban-centric[ 3 ]– all hope is non lost yet. In India excessively, where 90 % of the instances are treatable, most Indians lack entree to quality oculus attention.[ 4 ]In the early 1990s, the state was home to a 3rd of the universe ‘s unsighted people and here excessively cataract sightlessness was the major cause in most instances. The World Bank decided to step in and assist the Indian authorities trade with the job, passing $ 144.8 million between 1994 and 2002 on the Cataract Blindness Control Project under which 15.3 million oculus surgeries were performed.[ 5 ]The World Bank-funded undertaking was mostly implemented in northern India and it helped cut down the incidence of cataract, in the provinces that were covered under this undertaking, by half. But India is a really large state and it decidedly needs a more sustainable attack to covering with cataract sightlessness given that it has a ample ageing population. One such attack is the Aravind Eye Care System, a three-decade old run that has been contending catarac t sightlessness preponderantly in the southern Indian province of Tamil Nadu. Working in the same way is the L V Prasdad Eye Institue, runing from the neighboring province of Andhra Pradesh. Both Aravind and LVPEI, apparatus in the mid 1970s and the mid 1980s severally, have been focused on taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes from the really first, most of it free of cost. In the larger context, this paper discusses how private entrepreneurship is taking quality Eye Care to the rural multitudes in India. This paper will discourse the Eye Care bringing theoretical account aimed at contending Cataract Blindness in the context of the Culture-Centered Approach ( CCA ) . The Culture-Centered Approach advoates greater engagment with the local civilization, â€Å" through duologues with community members † , to guarantee â€Å" just † and â€Å" accessible † health care across communities ( Dutta-Bergman, 2004a, 2004b ; Dutta and Basu 2007 as quoted in Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, this paper will utilize the Drawn-out Technology-Community-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account ( Chib A ; Komathi, 2008 ) to explicate the intersections between engineering, community and the direction of information communicating engineerings ( ICT ) in the context of the CCA and the Eye Care bringing theoretical account adopted by the private health care p articipants i.e. the non-governmental administrations ( NGOs ) . Harmonizing to the TCM theoretical account ( Lee A ; Chib, 2008 ) , the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement â€Å" will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions. † Culture-Centered Approach Globalization has led to an increasing realization that the Biomedical[ 6 ]theoretical account of health care is limited in range when prosecuting in issues of planetary wellness ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Dutta ( 2008 ) says that many societies now feel the demand to â€Å" open up the infinites of wellness communicating to the voices of cultural communities † i.e. there is now greater awarness of the demand for better battle with marginalised communities. Culture is dynamic. That civilization has an of import function to play in wellness communicating is better understood today. But this construct began pulling widespread attending merely in the early 1980s, particularly in the U.S. when health care practicians felt a demand to follow multiple schemes to turn to the health-related issues of a multicultural population ( Dutta, 208 ) . â€Å" This helped oppugn the universalist premises of assorted wellness communicating plans † aimed at the developing states and the so called third-world states ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The Culture-Centered Approach was born out of the demand to oppose the dominant attack of wellness communicating, located within the Biomedical theoretical account, where wellness is treated as a â€Å" cosmopolitan construct based on Eurocentric[ 7 ]apprehensions of health-related issues, disease and the intervention of diseases † ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , the CCA is a better alternate to understanding wellness communicating because it is a â€Å" value-centered † attack. The CCA is built on the impression that the â€Å" significances of wellness † can non be cosmopolitan because they are ingrained within cultural contextsm, he argues. The CCA has its roots in three cardinal constructs i.e. ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ . The term ‘culture ‘ refers to the local context within which so called wellness significances are created and dealt with. ‘Structure ‘ encompasses nutrient, shelter, medical services and transportational services that are all critical to the overall health care of assorted members of a community. ‘Agency ‘ points to the â€Å" capacity of cultural members † to negociate the constructions within which they live. It must be noted that ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ and entwined and they do non run in isolation. Dutta ( 2008 ) , in his book Communicating Health, farther elaborates that the CCA throws visible radiation on how the dominant health care political orientation serves the demands of those in power. Powerful members of society create conditions of marginalistaion. Therefore the focal point of the CCA lies in the survey of the intersections between ‘structure, ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture in the context of marginalised communities. To understand better the jobs faced by the marginalised, the CCA advocates the health care practicians engage in duologues with members of the concerned community. Each community has its ain set of narratives to portion and this is critical to understanding the local civilization. The CCA besides aims to document opposition, of any sort, to dominant political orientations as this helps beef up the instance of the CCA against the dominant health care theoretical account. The CCA, harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , provides sufficient range to analyze physician-patient relationships, in a command to finally better the health care bringing theoretical account. Adopting the CCA is merely half your job solved ; the integrating of the CCA with the Extended TCM theoretical account completes the image. The Extended TCM Model The TCM theoretical account ( Lee A ; Chib, 2008 ) argues that the larger inquiry of societal sustainability depends on both local relevancy and institutional support. The TCM Model proposes that the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement, will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions ( See Figure 1.1 ) . Figure 1.1: The TCM Model. The TCM theoretical account was further revised. Community was subdivided to include: manners of ownership of ICT investings and net incomes ; preparation of community users both in the usage and in engineering direction ; and the basic demands of the community. Furthermore, Sustainability was besides subdivided into fiscal and societal ( see Figure 1.2 ) . RTCM.jpg Figure 1.2: The Revised TCM Model Chib A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) found that the TCM Model was unequal as it could non analyze the critical issue of exposure. Therefore, their survey improved on this insufficiency by adding important factors and variables associating to exposure. They extended the TCM theoretical account, and called it the Extended Technology-Community-Management ( Extended TCM ) theoretical account ( see Figure1.3 ) . Figure 1.3: The Extended TCM Model This new model on ICT planning histories for community engagement, the direction constituents, the overall design of engineerings such as telemedicine or tele-consultation, and rating of bing exposures in the community where these engineerings are implemented. It identifies four dimensions of exposures act uponing engineering execution among the rural hapless: economic exposure, informational exposure, physiological/psychological exposure, and socio-cultural exposure. Chib A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) farther explain each dimension of exposure: Physiological and psychological exposures refer to the physical and mental wellbeing of an affected individual, or a specific community. Informational exposure trades with the entree to and handiness of information within affected communities. Informational resources include personal paperss, books and critical informations, sentiment leaders and professional experts, . The deficiency of such resources affects the capablenesss of people who are dependent on them. In a rural scene, informational exposure is farther augmented by the low literacy degrees and deficiency of pertinent â€Å" technological accomplishments necessary to enable the acquisition and processing of information. † The economic exposure is sparked off by the loss of support i.e. a loss of activities that otherwise financially back up families and prolong economic growing in a rural scene. The socio-cultural exposure of communities is deter mined by â€Å" the construction and values of a given society that define human relationships in communities. † Hierarchies in any society ( gender, race, faith, caste, age and category equalitarianism within communities ) or a community frequently dictate entree to resources and assets, and the decision-making power of people. Cataract Blindness in India At the beginning, one has to understand the agonies of the blind in India, in a rural scene – sightlessness, irrespective of the cause, consequences in a loss of support for an person. In rural India, like elsewhere, this would interpret into one less gaining member in the household, doing the unsighted individual a load to his/her household. This leads to a loss of self-respect and position in the household. In consequence, blind people in rural India, like in many other societies, are marginalized. Enter Aravind and LVPEI, who continue to endeavor to assist blind people in rural India and authorise them by giving them back their sight. There are many causes of sightlessness, like Diabetes for case. But Cataract is one of the prima causes of sightlessness in the underdeveloped universe. Records in India show that Cataract is the most important cause of sightlessness in the state ( Nirmalan et al. 2002 A ; Murthy et Al. 2001 ) . Cataract, studies say, is responsible for 50 to 80 per cent of the bilaterally blind ( Thulsiraj et al. 2003 A ; Thulsiraj et Al. 2002 ) .The aged are more at hazard of developing Cataract. India aims to extinguish gratuitous sightlessness by 2020 in line with ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy enterprise ‘ , launched jointly by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Many administrations worldwide are besides working in the way of extinguishing gratuitous sightlessness ( Foster, 2001 ) . The authorities in India and the World Bank launched the Cataract Blindness Control Project in seven provinces across India in 1994.A A From stopping point to 1.2 million cataract surgeries a twelvemonth in the 1980s ( Minassian A ; Mehra 1990 ) , Cataract surgical end product tripled to 3.9 million per twelvemonth by 2003 ( Jose, 2003 ) . In 2004, World Health Organization ( WHO ) information showed that there was a 25 per cent lessening in blindness prevalence in India ( Resnikoff et al. 2004 ) — the ground ( s ) could be the addition in Cataract surgeries countrywide. But there is a larger job here, that of population growing. The elderly population in India ( those aged over 60 old ages ) population which stood at 56 million people in the twelvemonth 1991 is expected to duplicate by the twelvemonth 2016 ( Kumar, 1997 ) . This ‘greying ‘ of India ‘s population merely suggests that the figure of people ‘at-risk ‘ of developing Cataract is invariably on the rises. In the larger sense, this paper aims to demo how private entrepreneurship in India is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes in that state. This paper aimed to discourse the same through two instance surveies, that of the Aravind Eye Care system every bit good as the L V Prasad Eye Institute ( LVPEI ) . Unfortunately, email correspondence with LVPEI failed to arouse responses from this organisation. Given the restrictions of this survey, including clip restraints, this paper will explicate the Aravind Eye Care system in the context of rural Eye Care in India and the battle against Cataract Blindness – all this within the model of the CCA. Furthermore, this paper will review the concern theoretical account of NGOs like Aravind in the context of the Extended TCM theoretical account, including whether for-profit administrations are utilizing the rural multitudes to back up their concern theoretical account. In peculiar, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind Eye Care Dr. G. Venkataswamy had a really simple vision when he foremost setup Aravind Eye Care in 1976: â€Å" Eradicate gratuitous sightlessness at least in Tamil Nadu, his place province, if non in the full state of India. † Aravind began as an 11-bed private clinic in the laminitis ‘s brother ‘s house in the southern Indian metropolis of Madurai. Today, the Aravind Eye Hospital ( AEH ) at Madurai is a 1,500 bed infirmary. In add-on to Madurai, there are four more AEHs in Tamil Nadu ( Aravind.org ) with a combined sum of over 3,500 beds. By 2003 the Aravind Eye Care System as we know it today was up and running. The System continues to run under the auspices of a non-profit-making trust named the Govel Trust – it comprises of a fabrication installation ( for fabricating man-made lenses, suturas, and pharmaceuticals related to oculus attention ) ; oculus infirmaries ; instruction and preparation ( graduate institute of ophthalmology ) ; research installations ( complete with an oculus bank ) ; ) and a centre for community outreach plans ( Prahlad, 2004 ) . A typical twenty-four hours at Aravind now has physicians executing about 1,000 surgeries including free surgeries ; 5-6 outreach cantonments in rural countries where about 1,500 people are examined and near to 300 people are brought to an AEH for oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . How does Aravind make it? The administration has setup ‘vision centres ‘ or clinics in distant small towns, fitted with basic oculus attention equipment. Each clinic is manned by an ophthalmic helper and â€Å" these clinics perform basic scrutinies ; order disciplinary lenses and handle minor complaints. † If an oculus complaint can be cured by the application of oculus beads, these clinics are equipped to make so. For more complicated instances, such as Cataract Blindness, the patient consults an eye doctor based at an AEH in a nearby metropolis via the videoconferencing path. If the patient needs disciplinary surgery, he/she is asked to skip onto a coach waiting outside the ‘vision Centre ‘ that takes them to the nearest Aravind basal infirmary. The patients are operated upon the undermentioned twenty-four hours ; they spend a twenty-four hours in post-operative attention and so take a coach back to their small towns — all free of cost ( Laks, 2009 ) .[ 8 ] But it was n’t all gung-ho in the beginning ; more difficult work than anything else. There was no specific Outreach squad. A Everyone in the pool was asked to take part in Outreach programme. A † In the beginning ( in 1976-77 ) Dr. V and a little squad would see small towns and behavior oculus testing cantonments. Those who required Cataract surgery would so be advised to see the base infirmary for surgery. But Dr.V found that a bulk of those advised to undergo surgery would dropout, owing to socio-economic factors like fright of surgery ; deficiency of trust on Restoration of sight ; no money to pass for conveyance, nutrient and station operative medical attention and ( their ) opposition to western medical specialty, † harmonizing to the caput of Outreach activities at Aravind, R. Meenakshi Sundaram in his electronic mail response to my questions. These barriers were bit by bit addressed through assorted schemes. â€Å" We decided to affect small town heads and local organisations to take ownership of the Outreach programmes, in footings of placing the right location for the Eye Camp and supplying the needed support installations. Their aid was cardinal to community mobilisation. We organized a squad to standardise the quality in Eye Care service bringing. Furthermore, Dr. V focussed his attending on edifice infirmaries like one ‘s place where we usually expect basic civilization and values, † said Mr. Sundaram. â€Å" Fear of surgery was a common barrier in add-on to other factors. Possibly the credence for surgery was low in the beginning. But it was invariably explained at the community degree whenever cantonments were organized as the programme aims to function people at big. Particularly, in the twelvemonth 1992 the Intra Ocular Lens ( IOL ) was introduced and the rural community did non believe in holding a ‘foreign atom ‘ in their eyes. We came across a batch of myths. Those issues were addressed thru guidance, † added Mr. Sundaram. Recognizing the impact of guidance, a cell was developed within the System in 1992 and seven counselors were trained in the first batch of counselors ‘ preparation. They were given a basic orientation about common oculus jobs with a particular focal point on IEC. ‘Patient counselors ‘ i.e. patients who had undergone oculus surgery were asked to assist the Outreach squad. â€Å" They played their function in explicating oculus jobs in the local linguistic communication and tried to assist others recognize the effects of neglecting to accept surgery. Sing the myths, a existent IOL was used as instruction stuff to assist the rural common people understand the construct of the IOL, † Mr Sundaram said. The figure of counselors has steadily risen of all time since and stands at 179 at nowadays. How is the Aravind Eye Care System possible? Fiscal self-sustainability was the primary focal point from twenty-four hours one at Aravind. Initially, the organisation was given a grant by the authorities to assist subsidise the intervention costs for oculus cantonment patients ( Prahlad, 2004 ) and the Govel Trust besides pledged belongingss to raise money from Bankss in the early yearss. Prahlad ( 2004 ) states that the Madurai AEH, the first, was ever self-supporting every bit far as repeating outgos were concerned. Within the first five old ages of operation, the Madurai AEH had accumulated excess grosss for farther development and for the building of four other infirmaries in the Tamil Nadu province. He adds that over the old ages, the patient grosss generated from its five infirmaries located in five metropoliss finance the Aravind Eye Care System to a great extent. Furthermore, Aravind has besides taken to the management-contract path and it manages two infirmaries outside of its home-state. While metropolis common people are charged market rates for each consultancy and for surgery, patients in distant small towns pay merely Rs. 20 for three consultancies or SGD 0.60. ( TED, 2009 ) . Those who can afford to pay, the urban common people who visit Aravind ‘s infirmaries in urban locations on their ain, do non acquire discounted rates. Such a system of cross-subsidies ensures that merely 45 percent wage while the remainder are non charged at all i.e. about five out of every 10 patients examined at Aravind can be provided free oculus attention, including oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . A cross-subsidising fiscal theoretical account is non the lone mantra[ 9 ]to Aravind ‘s success. Having been in the concern of presenting quality Eye Care for over three decennaries now, the System is well-positioned to leverage on the Aravind brand-name to pull contributions. Over the old ages, the organisation has received international acknowledgment for its work and this includ es the 2008 Gates Award for Global Health, and this twelvemonth ‘s Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize that carries a US $ 1.5 million hard currency award. Last but non the least is the money that flows into Aravind in the signifier of specific project-funding. One such patron is the London-based ‘Seeing Is Believing ‘ ( SiB ) Trust, a coaction between Standard Chartered Bank and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Since 2003, ‘Seeing is Believing ‘ has grown from a staff enterprise to raise adequate money to fund a cataract operation for each member of the Bank to a US $ 40 million planetary community enterprise. I wrote to Standard Chartered Bank ( SCB ) inquiring them why they decided to spouse with Aravind and LVPEI. â€Å" LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, every bit good as Aravind Eye Hospital are premier oculus attention institutes in the state. India has a huge geographic spread and both these establishments work in different geographic zones of the state. LVPEI is outstanding in the south-eastern provinces of the state while Aravind is outstanding in the southern provinces of India, † said Pratima Harite, Manager ( Sustainability ) , Corporate Affairs- India in her electronic mail response to my questions. The principle behind the India Consortium Project is the ‘vision Centre ‘ concept – that a important proportion of oculus jobs corrected or detected at the primary attention degree has significant nest eggs to the person and to the communities. â€Å" Based on the success of LVPEI ‘s Vision Centre theoretical account, the India Consortium Project p roposed scaling up the development of Vision Centres in a coordinated affair in six provinces across the state. For this, LVPEI sought support from four key implementing spouses – Prime Minister oculus attention establishments themselves across the state, † added Ms. Harite. Singapore ‘s Temasek Foundation ( TF ) part-funds SiB activities in India, peculiarly in capacity edifice i.e. in heightening the preparation constituent of the SiB programme. Is this a feasible concern theoretical account? Aravind has perfected the theoretical account over the last three decennaries. They have the engineering, behind the picture audience, in topographic point – â€Å" a low-priced radio long-distance web ( WiLDNet ) † put together by the Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions ( TIER ) research group at the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.[ 10 ]This was done to get the better of the issue of zero internet connectivity or decelerate connexions that do non back up picture audiences in distant small towns ( Laks, 2009 ) . In 2004, a nomadic new wave with satellite connectivity was introduced to ease Tele-Consultations. The Indian Space Research Organisation ‘s ( ISRO )[ 11 ]aid was sought to this extent. The ‘vision Centres ‘ can easy pass on with the base infirmary ( some 30 to 40 kilometers. ) via orbiter. These ‘vision Centres ‘ efficaciously address the issue of handiness, affordability and handiness of quality Eye Care. â€Å" A series of Centres were started across the Tamil Nadu province. Each base infirmary is connected with a group of vision Centres. At present, we have 10 ‘vision Centres ‘ that operate on WiFi. The remainder tally on BSNL[ 12 ]broadband connexions, † Mr Sundaram said. Aravind has the bringing system in topographic point. A sound apprehension of the local civilization that in many instances is antipathetic to western medical specialty and where contemporary medical specialty is non the first and lone option to handle any disease or complaint. Why would a villager trust a physician who drives down one all right forenoon and says he would wish to run upon them? Aravind Begins by naming a voluntary group for each community ; some of these voluntaries are farther trained to function as ophthalmic helpers and even as nurses in Aravind ‘s infirmaries. In a rural scene, rural common people trust their friends, neighbours, and their ain people foremost. It is about making ownership to the job, like Mr. Sundaram said, and so partnering with the community to work out the job. Aravind ‘s fiscal consequences for the twelvemonth 2008-09 were healthy. It raked in ( income ) US $ 22 million and spent ( outgo and depreciation ) US $ 13 million.[ 13 ] Discussion That Aravind and other NGOs working in a similar way, like LVPEI for case, utilize the Culture-Centered Approach, as elaborated by Dutta ( 2008 ) , in presenting quality oculus attention to rural India is rather clear. Aravind, in peculiar, has successfully integrated the CCA with the Technology-Communication-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account, as elaborated by Lee A ; Chib ( 2008 ) to make a sustainable theoretical account for Eye Care bringing. ‘Accessibility ‘ and ‘affordability ‘ are the cardinal factors in such health care theoretical accounts. In taking this path, one has to guarantee that the engineerings chosen for the occupation are cost-efficient and easy to implement because capital outgo and operational outgo do play a critical function in finding the cost of health care services. Aravind has been able to maintain the cost of Eye Care bringing considerable low systematically for many old ages now. Critics argue that organisations like Aravind are feeding-off their theoretical account. At this point, it is of import to understand the ground-realities. In India, the divide between the urban ‘haves ‘ , and the rural ‘have-nots ‘ is merely acquiring wider with each go throughing twelvemonth. Harmonizing to UN projections released 2008, â€Å" India would urbanise at a much slower rate than China and have, by 2050, 45 % of its population still populating in rural countries † ( Lederer, 2008 ) . The Government in India is non making plenty to turn to the overplus of wellness issues that plague [ the assorted parts and communities in ] the state. The flagship strategy to better health care services in rural India, the National Rural Health Mission — launched in 2005 as a seven-year programme — has many of its ends yet to be achieved, and the authorities is now sing widening it to 2015, harmonizing to recent media studies. Despite many a au thorities claims and many a authorities schemes several small towns in provinces across India continue to depend on the private sector for quality health care or in this instance Eye Care. Give this state of affairs, Aravind and LVPEI ‘s work in the way of supplying low-cost Eye Care and free oculus surgeries to five out of every 10 patients they examine is a applaudable effort. A 2nd inquiry raised in this survey is, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind is making its portion in circulating cognition to the grass-roots. Most ophthalmic helpers who adult male the ‘vision centres ‘ are community members trained by Aravind. But one has to understand that the act of cognition airing in a distant rural scene has its challenges i.e. undertaking illiteracy, basic consciousness among others and these challenges can non be addres sed in merely a few old ages. The India Consortium Project, sponsored by SCB and Temasek Foundation, set a mark to put up 40 ‘vision Centres ‘ by 2010. So far, 32 ‘vision Centres ‘ are operational and the staying will be operational this twelvemonth, harmonizing to Ms. Harite. On the impudent side, a survey by Murthy et Al. ( 2008 ) argues that the ends of the ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy ‘ inaugural to extinguish Cataract sightlessness in India by the twelvemonth 2020 may non be achieved. But this should non discourage those working in this way. Both the populace and the private sector must go on to contend Cataract Blindness because that is the lone manner to undertake the job at manus. Last but non the least, this survey recommends that NGOs runing in the health care infinite expression at both the CCA and the TCM theoretical account to guarantee better service bringing. How to cite Improving Eye Care Rural India, Essay examples

Element of constructivist theory of justice - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Element of the constructivist theory of justice. Answer: The given media report is about the unethical practices prevailing in the insurance arm of the Commonwealth Banks of Australia (CBA). The issues that are faced due to the unethical practices of the bank are:- Forged and deleted documents. Sacked whistle-blowers. Human misery. Small print gotchas. Defensive management. Profit maximization by any necessary means. Lack of effective and efficient corporate regulator. The word ethics means the principles that govern the behaviour of an individual, group or organization in conducting any activity. Every activity is guided by various moral principles like do good and avoid evil, do unto others as you would have them unto you, the end does not justify the means and follow what nature intends (Sturgeon Sayre-McCord, 2012). When a person or organisation is involved in activities based on these basic moral principles, it is said to be an ethical practice. When activities of a person or organization lack these moral principles, like the abovementioned practices of the CBA, it is said to be an unethical practice (Ioannou Serafeim, 2012). Hence, the issues discussed in the media rort are ethical issues as they have due to lack of ethics in the CBA practises. In understanding ethics there are two approaches. They are the descriptive approach and normative approach. Descriptive approach basically means the study of how people behave and how they think they should behave. It is way of looking at the people the way they are, rather than what they should be (Giorgi, 2012). On the other hand, normative approach refers to the study of how people are ought to behave. It is an argumentative approach that aims at sorting out the best behaviour (Noddings, 2013). To understand ethics by using these two approaches, it requires determining of certain questions in each approach:- Descriptive approach There are the reasons behind the unethical practices that cause trouble. There are companies, which have a code of ethics. Normative approach The employees should report about the unethical practices in his or her workplace. It depends on certain conditions whether business pay the accountants to reduce taxes The given report on CBA reflects both these approaches for understanding ethics. As for understanding the ethics in this case, various questions on the reasons for unethical practices in CBA, code of ethics in CBA, prevailing policies CBA, etc, the descriptive approach is required. For determination and questions on the way employees should react and the directors should act, the normative approach is required for proper understanding of ethics (Burgess Plunkett, 2013). Being a director of the Board of the CBA, I would prefer putting an end to the unethical practices by adopting the utilitarian approach. Utilitarianism states that the action that maximizes utility is the best action. It is a version of consequentialism that states that the consequences of any action can only decide what is wrong and what is right. The utilitarian approach takes into consideration, the net benefits and costs to the stakeholders and all others likely to be affected (Svara, 2014). In the case of the unethical practices of the CBA, insurance arm, I would use the utilitarian approach to first set a code of ethics for the CBA. Secondly, for the benefit of the investors, would make new policies that would provide them security and fair returns of their capital. For the benefit of the employees I would conduct surveys and use new job satisfaction strategies so that the employees are satisfied with the job conditions and do not indulge in unethical practices. Thirdly, I woul d appoint an able, efficient and proper corporate regulator, who can regulate the CBA functions and prevent unethical practices and will try to maintain good relations with the political parties, which are also stakeholders of the bank. I would use the utilitarian approach and make policies and takes all such actions that will benefit all my stakeholders. As a shareholder of the CBA and where there is a dilemma whether the organizational culture of CBA is rotten and if so, whether there is any prospect of such culture to change, my continuation of being a shareholder will depend on the aspects of moral principles in the organisational context, prevailing in the CBA (Mc Kee Eraut, 2012). I would first see the organisational norm that is prevailing in the CBA that is whether the employees work by taking into consideration the individual moral values of the shareholders or they just work with a motive to meet their work objectives without giving importance to individual morality. Secondly, my continuation as a shareholder would depend on the fact whether the CBA, having a large structure, lacks individual moral responsibility or not. Being an advisor of CBA for the insurance policies, I would defend these policies in the following ways At Stage 2 of Kohlbergs Levels of Cognitive Moral Development I would defend the CBA insurance policies in this stage by stating that people recognize the needs of others and they may try to meet them only when their needs are also fulfilled. They usually decide the wrong and right based on the consequences to themselves (Gibbs, 2013). At this stage, I, being an advisor of the CBA would sell the insurance policies keeping in mind the benefits I am getting from it. Stage 4 of Kohlbergs Levels of Cognitive Moral Development Being in this stage I would defend the insurances polices by stating that everyone recognizes certain guidelines for right and wrong, which is required for the smooth running of the society. But people think that these rules are inflexible, whereas with time the society changes and these rules should also be changed (Vine, 2012). Therefore, I will only act according to the law and order of the society, unless there is conflict with the social duties. When there is conflict with the social duties, I will not act in accordance with the law and order set by the society. A scholarship for low income and social disadvantage According to the Rawls theory of justice, a scholarship for low income and social disadvantage is a justification. According to Rawl`s theory, justice is the first virtue of social institution and he aims to solve the problem of distributive justice by using various devices of social contract (Forst, 2012). This theory is also known as Justice as fairness, from which Rawls derives the two principles of justice. According this theory of justice, liberty must be given to all members of the society and liberty of one member shall not collide with the liberty of another. Secondly, this theory states that inequalities, either economic or social, shall only be allowed if the worst of it will result in better than that of equal distribution. Furthermore, this theory also states that if there is such a beneficial inequality, it should not make it hard for the ones without resources to occupy positions of power. It can be said that Rawls in his theory of justice makes it clear that whether th ere is economic or social equality or inequality, it shall not create difficulties for those having limited resources and justice must be provided to them (Corlett, 2016). Hence, a scholarship for low income and social disadvantage is a just action according to Rawls theory of distributive justice, as it is a just action that provides justice to those having limited resources. Bibliography Burgess, A., Plunkett, D. (2013). Conceptual ethics I.Philosophy Compass,8(12), 1091-1101. Corlett, J. A. (Ed.). (2016).Equality and liberty: analyzing Rawls and Nozick. Springer. Forst, R. (2012).The right to justification: Elements of a constructivist theory of justice. Columbia University Press. Gibbs, J. C. (2013).Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Giorgi, A. (2012). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method.Journal of Phenomenological psychology,43(1), 3-12. Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2012). What drives corporate social performance? The role of nation-level institutions.Journal of International Business Studies,43(9), 834-864. Mc Kee, A., Eraut, M. (2012). Introduction. InLearning trajectories, innovation and identity for professional development(pp. 1-19). Springer Netherlands. Noddings, N. (2013).Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. Univ of California Press. Sturgeon, N., Sayre-McCord, G. (2012). Moral explanations.G. Sher, Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory, 164-181. Svara, J. H. (2014).The ethics primer for public administrators in government and nonprofit organizations. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Vine, I. (2012). 27. Moral Maturity in Socio-Cultural Perspective: Are Kohlbergs Stages.Lawrence Kohlberg, 431.

Tyra Banks Essay Example

Tyra Banks Paper There are a lot of great models in the world, models that have made a difference in young aspiring models’ lives. Naomi Campbell, Heidi Klum, and Beverly Johnson are some examples. Many say that Tyra Banks is the best supermodel of all time. She produces a show that helps young ladies become successful models. Tyra Banks is a very important person to young â€Å"wannabe† models. Tyra Lynn Banks was born December 4, 1973 in Los Angeles, California but grew up in Inglewood, California. Her father, Don Banks, was a computer consultant, and her mother, Carolyn London, was a medical photographer. When Tyra was six years old, her parents got divorced. Tyra says she was too young for it to have much impact on her life. She lived with her mother on weekdays and her father on weekends. She always had two birthday parties and two Christmases, which meant double the presents, double the love. She was constantly teased by her older brother, Devin, and classmates because she was tall, very thin, and awkward looking. Her classmates gave her the nickname Giraffe. Some days she used to run home crying to ask her mother for help. Her liking for food such as BBQ ribs, fried chicken wings, ice cream and fast food was tremendous. We will write a custom essay sample on Tyra Banks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tyra Banks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tyra Banks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tyra also had a love for Ketchup packets. Therefore to stay fit in high school she enjoyed a lot of sports, mainly basketball, tennis, and also a lot of exercise. In 1989, at the age of 17, she outgrew her awkward phase and begun to resemble a tall, curvy, caramel-skin, green-eyed beauty. ( Tyra Banks Biography) Tyra decided to became a model, and she started working hard in order to change her skinny physique. Her goals were achieved. However her first attempt to find a modeling agency was met with rejection and discrimination. The agency said she looked too ethnic, or they already had a black model and didn’t want another. In 1990, while still in high school, she landed a contract with Elite Model Management, the largest model agency in the world. After graduating from Immaculate Heart High School in 1991, Tyra enrolled at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, but she decided to forego college when Elite offered to send her to Paris for high-fashion runway modeling. (Tyra Banks Biography) While in Paris, Tyra felt alone so he called her mother, who moved to Paris to be Tyra’s manager and best friend. Tyra moved swiftly through the ranks of fashion modeling to become one of the world’s top supermodels. By the end of the mid 1990s, Tyra decided to return to the United States and switch to swimwear and lingerie modeling, where curvier models are more than welcome. She made her living twenty or thirty pounds heavier than the average model and that’s when she really became famous. ( Bio of Tyra Banks ) While working as a Victoria’s Secret model Tyra sold more bras and panties than any of the other models all while walking down the runway weighing 30 pounds more than the other girls. She was on the cover of several magazines such as â€Å"GQ,† â€Å"Sports Illustrated Swimwear Edition,† and a Victoria’s Secret catalog. She signed a contract with both Cover Girl and Victoria’s Secret, becoming a staple of both companies’ advertising campaigns and runway shows. ( Bio of Tyra Banks) In 1997, she received the prestigious Michael Award for Supermodel of the year and also won two Teen Choice Awards for favorite supermodel. She funded a scholarship to help young black women attend her alma mater, Immaculate Heart High School in Los Angeles, California. In 1999, Tyra founded TZONE, a foundation aimed at developing teenage girl’s independence and self-esteem. Tyra Banks ventured into the world of reality television when she created, produced, and hosted â€Å"America’s Next Top Model. † The show, pits aspiring model against each other in a competition for the label of America’s Next top Model. In 2005, Tyra expanded her into television exposure with her own talk show, The Tyra Banks Show. Tyra Banks is still the best high fashion model in the world. She is dedicated to helping young girls build their character and be the best they can be. Tyra Banks is the most helpful person when it comes to modeling.

Illustrator Paper essays

Illustrator Paper essays Tomie dePaola is a very popular childrens book author that writes and illustrates his own books. Although dePaola has dozens of books written and illustrated by him, many of his books illustrations are similar. In a sample of three of his books, Pancakes for Breakfast, Tom, and Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, his characters look very much alike and his styles are similar. However, there are some elements from each book that differs from each other. In all three books, dePaola uses all kinds of lines, jagged, straight, thick, thin, and soft to do a couple of different things. First of all, characters in all 3 of his books are very simple. Their faces and their emotions are expressed through simple lines and shapes. Although they are not complex, you are able to see what the characters are thinking and feeling simply by looking at how dePaola composes his lines. Second, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he used bumpy lines to show slopes and hills and jagged lines to draw shapes of tree branches. In Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, dePaola used a lot of curvy lines on his characters. He did a good job of showing the characters more full body shapes through use of curvy lines rather than straighter lines. Third, dePaola also uses his lines to create texture in Pancakes for Breakfast, but not so much in Strega Nonas Magic Lessons and Tom. For example, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he does a very good job of using criss cross lines to sh ow how barn walls are textured, and he did a really good job of using lines to show the rough texture of hay in the barn. Lastly, in Strega Nona, dePaola uses softer lines and shadows to show depth in his illustrations. In all three of the books examined, dePaola uses a lot of colors to engage the young reader. However, all three books had different color schemes. For example, in Strega Nona, he used a lot of mixed colors. He used different shades of ...

Flier vs. Flyer

Flier vs. Flyer Flier vs. Flyer Flier vs. Flyer By Mark Nichol Whether you post a flier or a flyer depends on whether you’re assigning a pilot to an air base or tacking a piece of paper to a bulletin board. Flyer, first attested hundreds of years ago, was the original agent-noun form of fly, with the obvious meaning of â€Å"something that flies.† Later, however, it came to be associated with swift objects, whether airborne or not. This description was widely employed to refer to various vehicles, including trains, planes, and automobiles, as well as boats and ships (and even a submarine, although the name was spelled Flier). Flyer is also another name for the architectural feature usually called the flying buttress, and it’s the appellation of hockey teams in the United States and throughout northern Europe. In addition, it is used in the sense of financial speculation (because such action is compared to a leap of faith), such as in the phrase â€Å"take a flyer.† However, although that spelling was commonly used as a synonym for pilot (though not until a quarter century after the advent of mechanized flight), the alternate spelling, for some reason, came to predominate in referring to airplane passengers hence, â€Å"frequent-flier miles.† Long before aviation as we know it first occurred, however, flyer, initially a slang term, became a widespread term for a single sheet of paper posted to advertise or inform. (One source mentions that it was first used to refer to notices in police stations, and that the term was associated with widespread dissemination analogous to a flock of birds taking flight.) Although both spellings are used for this sense, flyer is more common, as flier is the usual spelling in reference to air travel. Interestingly, two American authorities, Bryan A. Garner, author of Garner’s Modern American Usage, and the Associated Press Stylebook, recommend flier for all senses; however, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary allows that flyer is more common when referring to a leaflet, and popular usage bears this out. Analogous agent nouns are split in their spelling: Cry becomes crier (though cryer appears in some sources to refer to a court officer who makes proclamations and to a female hawk), but dry becomes dryer and fry becomes fryer. Prier, slier, and sprier are the preferred comparatives of pry, sly, and spry, but pryer, slyer, and spryer are acceptable. My recommendation for flyer/flier? I’m siding with Merriam-Webster’s, as usual: Pilots and passengers are fliers, and pamphlets are flyers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowPunctuation Is Powerful

Understanding Economic Diversification in the UAE Research Paper

Understanding Economic Diversification in the UAE - Research Paper Example Understanding Economic Diversification in the UAE This paper will explore the economy of UAE by discussing strength and weakness in a way that facilitates the understanding of the topic in the context of Abu Dhabi. Various issues related to labor, free zone and stock market are discussed in way that depicts their contribution to growth of non-oil sectors in Abu Dhabi. In this section, the paper seeks to identify ways through which labor, free zone and stock markets are supporting the diversification from the oil sector. Therefore, this gives an illustration of the ways in which Abu Dhabi is reducing the dependence on oil. The paper concludes with a summary and recommendations of the issues that will be explored. Understanding The UAE economy The economy of United Arab Emirates has been ranked the thirty-fifth freest economy in the 2012 index with a freedom score of 6.9, and it has experienced a growth of 1.5 using last year as the base year. This growth has been attributed to improvements in the property rights, monetary freedom and labor freedom. Moreover, the economy is ranked fourth in a list of seventeen countries in Africa and Middle East due to its overall score that is higher than the averages on various regions in the world. Registration of the best twenty enhancements in 2012 index has made a substantial contribution to improving economic independence. The business environments and conditions boosting investments have contributed to restructuring of the economic systems; thereby facilitating the establishment of pulsating private sector. Furthermore, sustenance of momentum growth has been facilitated by the open trade regime with cost controls. Therefore, the UAE has been focusing on being a regi onal financial hub with a banking sector dealing with the financial problems moderately well. However, there are deficiencies in legal systems and investment framework, which are restraining the entire economic freedom of UAE. There are judicial systems that intimidate foreign investors by increasing their vulnerability to political influence. However, corruption is deteriorating compared to other economies in the region. Abu Dhabi makes significant contribution to the oil yields resulting in a principal role in political and economic decision-making (The government of Abu Dhabi, 2008). Of late, the focus of the government has shifted towards alternate and non-oil resources, a process termed as diversification. This paper purports to discuss the concept of economic diversification, growth of the oil and non-oil sectors over the last ten years, contribution of labor, free zone and stock market to the growth of the non-oil sector in the UAE. Concept of Economic Diversification The con cept of economic diversification is associated with the process of risk reduction through division of the assets among various securities or forms of investment (Fridson & Alvarez, 2002). Therefore, diversification of income sources based on different and unrelated exposures to risk increases the chances of being compensated to the incidence of potential loss. Moreover, this is used in selection of a portfolio, fields of financial economics. Understanding this concept clarifies the reason behind government expenditure in UAE along with

Summary and response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary and response - Assignment Example But your own argument has to identify the â€Å"they say† you are referring to make it clear to the audience (Graff & Birkenstein 43). Although we agree that you shouldn’t keep the readers in suspense for too long about your central argument, you also need to present that claim as part of some larger conversation. When responding to argumentative writing, it is often best to agree and disagree simultaneously. This allows you to avoid simple yes or no response and therefore present a more complicated argument. One can use templates to assist him in writing as they help one become more creative and original and I think it also provides a sense of direction too (Graff & Birkenstein 70). In â€Å"Her Point Is† Summarizing refers to any information from others that you present in your own words, including that which you paraphrase. It points out that a good summary requires balancing what the original author is saying with the writer’s own focus. One has to incorporate both the original author’s views and also give his or her own side of the coin. In summary writing you put yourself in someone else’s shoes send join in the conversation whether you are agreeing or disagreeing with the conversation. Just like how actors must convincingly become characters who in real life they detest. But the writer has to be cautious not to be carried away by his own influence and end changing the whole meaning and intent of the original text. In other words during summary, reflect both the source you are summarizing and add your own views (Graff & Birkenstein 115). However, the writer may decide to deliberately give his or her own spin to someone else’s argument in order to reveal a shortcoming in and this is referred to as Satirical Summary. The other may disagree or agree with the author or at times do

Companies and the Customers Who Hate Them Essay Example for Free

Companies and the Customers Who Hate Them Essay How can customer dissatisfaction lead to higher profits for the company? Companies have found out that ill-informed customers can be beneficial for them in terms of profits. Some companies have abused their customers intentionally, however others unwittingly exploited and took advantage of them. The Slippery slope: There are two major ways in which companies make profits by misleading their customers: * Offering the customers a broad variety of services or products, which can be very confusing, especially when there is lack of transparency. Moreover, if even the information is complete for the customers, the companies can take advantages of consumers’ difficulties in predicting their needs. * Using fees and penalties for offsetting costs and discouraging undesirable customer behavior. These hostile strategies are common from banking and hotel industries to video stores and car rentals. Here particularly 3 industries will be discussed in details: cell phone industry, retail- banking industry and health club industry. Cell phone industry: When a customer signs up for a service plan, he chooses a certain pricing option with different ranges of minutes. These plans can have various restrictions and allowances. However, these varied plans are not a result of customer-centric strategy. They are rather ways to take advantage of customer’s unawareness of which plan to choose, in the result of which customers can be penalized either for using too much time or for not using enough. However, such strategies cannot always guarantee profits for the company. They can increase the dissatisfaction among customers, the proof of which can be thousands of complaints that the U. S. Federal Communications Commission gets annually. These complaints should be worrisome to companies because customers can switch toward a transparent and friendly alternative. Retail-banking industry: Another sphere in which the company-centric strategy is used is retail-banking industry. For signing up in the checking accounts people are offered dozens of alternatives. If the customers cannot precisely predict their needs, they can have losses. Here are some examples of situations when the banks take advantage over the customers’ ignorance * The customers receive less interest when the consumers’ balances are above the minimum of the balance bucket and if the alances fall below the minimum level, they have to pay some penalties. * Banks usually debit the consumers’ checks in the order of size, rather than in a chronological order, for the rest of the checks to bounce and to cause multiple overdrafts, consequently penalties. The company-centric strategy of banks led to the customers’ dissatisfaction and it became so pervasive that New York congresswoman Carolyn Maloney reintroduced the Consumer Overdraft Protection Fair Practices Act to forbid banks charging overdraft protection fees, unless the customers explicitly are informed about the service. Health club industry: Health clubs tempt customers to sign long-term contracts, knowing that they will rarely visit the club. They realize that all their customers will not completely use the facility and therefore sell more memberships than they have the floor space to accommodate. Moreover, an investigation conducted by the New York City Council concluded that 41% of clubs didn’t explain their fees in writing, 81% didn’t give potential members a contract to read at home and 96% didn’t inform customers of all the ways they could legally cancel a contract. In New Jersey a lot of complaints have brought litigation against almost two dozen health clubs that provided fraudulent contracts. Health clubs require to spend more time to attract new customers because their existing ones try to find a way out. Moreover they even encourage ways to retain customers with reward points for members who work out regularly. The warning signs: According to the research most of the executives are acknowledging the negative effects of the functions described above but they mention that those actions do not represent an intentional strategy. The executives know that because of these negative practices the companies slid down the slippery slope and have difficulties for purchasing on the way back up thus becoming vulnerable for the competitors. For avoiding this practice the executives should ask themselves the questions mentioned bellow. * Are our most profitable customers those who have reasons to be dissatisfied with us? * Do we have rules we want customers to break because doing so generates profits? Do we make it difficult for customers to understand or abide by our rules, and do we actually help customers break them? * Do we depend on contracts to prevent customers from defecting? Climbing back into favor: Effective CEOs are able to recognize the opportunities and eliminate the negative effects which make the company vulnerable. The company centric strategies can cause loss of the target market and profitability in a long-term period, thus many companies prefer being economically sustainable.

Why Do Children Talk To Themselves? :: Psychology Psychological Papers

Why Do Children Talk To Themselves? Whether you are a parent, teacher, child care giver, or a child observer you may have noticed that many children talk to themselves. Laura Berk reports that, â€Å"private speech can account for 20-60 percent of the remarks a child younger than 10 years makes† (78). Why do children do this? Does it benefit the child as Vygotsky would say, or is it just that the child is making egocentric remarks that play no positive role in normal cognitive development as Piaget would claim? I am going to be looking at the differences between Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s points of view. Then, I will look at Laura Berk’s findings in her article, â€Å"Why Children Talk to Themselves.† I will also talk about other findings concerning this topic. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were developmental psychologists interested in the origins and processes of cognitive development. These two psychologists disagreed sharply on the role that private speech played in one’s cognitive development. Vygotsky called this private speech while Piaget called it egocentric speech. Piaget observed the activities of three to eight year old kindergarten children, and discovered such uses of speech as verbal repetitions of another individual, monologues during an activity, and non-reciprocal remarks in collective settings. In these instances their speech was not directed towards other individuals. In Piaget’s mind these patterns of speech showed evidence of egocentrism, a sign of cognitive immaturity, and an inability to share the perspective of another individual. However, he argued, as the children grow older they socialize increasingly more with others, and their speech becomes communicative. Their speech moves away from being self- to other-oriented, a sign that they are able to adopt the perspectives of others. A child overcomes egocentrism by beginning to think critically and logically, causing egocentric speech to fade away. Vygotsky believes that a child’s cognitive development originates in socialization activities, and then goes through a process of increasing individuation. He argued that self-directed speech did not show any cognitive immaturity, but did show some form of development. He claims that private speech represents a functional differentiation in the speech of a child, or that a child begins to differentiate between speech that is directed towards the others and speech that is self-directed.

Pocahontas – Cultural Anthropology

Writing Assignment #1: The Cultural Construction of the Idea of Progress Film chosen: Pocahontas One of Walt Disney’s most famous films, Pocahontas, takes place in the 1600s, as the British discover parts of the â€Å"New World† that are inhabited by native Americans. In this film, we are able to contrast the primitive lifestyle and culture of the Native Americans to that of the British, and are able to see how the ideas of â€Å"progress† or social evolution play a role in the ethnocentric bias held by the Westerners during this time, causing the primitive stereotypes to be built.Disney uses the structure of the characters themselves- what they wear, how they speak, what they eat, what they believe in, etc. ; and the plot line of the film, to depict the cultural construction of the idea of â€Å"progress†, and evoke the opposing ideas of the â€Å"primitive other† and â€Å"civilized self†. This film opens showing us the life of the British as they board the ship and while they’re sailing at sea. Disney starts off with the British because we as westerners relate to the British, and see their way of life as normal and civilized.We immediately relate to the color of their skin, their westernized clothing, the way they speak, and the technology they have access too. While on the boat, John Smith (the male protagonist) refers to the Native American Indians as â€Å"savages† who should be killed if they get in the way. This gives us a sneak peak into the mindset of the British and how negatively they view the Native Americans. Leaving us with the belief that the Indians are savages, Disney then introduces Pocahontas (the female protagonist) and the Indian tribe that has been living in the New World.Immediately we are exposed to the primitive lifestyle of the Indians. We see that their way of traveling is by wooden canoes, their clothing consist of a brown cloth that covers very little while they also do not ha ve on shoes, they live in tents, and have nothing but nature at it’s purest form surrounding them. We see the women out in the fields gathering corn by hand, while the men are coming home from battle, with only bows and arrows and spears for weapons.The initial reaction to seeing the culture and way of life amongst the Indians is to see them as â€Å"uncivilized† and â€Å"savage†, just as John Smith was saying on the boat. However throughout the film Disney begins to challenge this belief and shows us that the westerner’s way of life may not be the best way of life for everyone. Up until this point, John Smith and the rest of the English men had been discovering new places and finding Native American’s that had been living for many years on these foreign lands.The Europeans always saw these natives as uncivilized, barbaric savages, who needed to be taken over and â€Å"westernized†. John Smith makes a comment to Pocahontas about how they co uld make the Indians life better, and build them roads and tall buildings, and teach them how to â€Å"make the most of their land†. This is a perfect example of the ethnocentric bias mentality of the Europeans. They never once considered that someone else’s way of living and culture could actually be a successful.They thought that their way was the best way, and anything else was just an underdeveloped, barbaric lifestyle that needed to progress into the westernized lifestyle. After John Smith makes this comment about â€Å"bettering the Indian’s life styles† Pocahontas is deeply offended and proceeds to sing the popular song, The Colors of the Wind. In this song Pocahontas calls John Smith out on his ethnocentric stance and shows him her point of view, in singing: â€Å"You think you own whatever land you land on, The earth is just a dead thing you can claim, But I know every rock and tree and creature, Has a life, has a spirit, has a name.You think th e only people who are people, Are the people who look and think like you, But if you walk the footsteps of a stranger, You'll learn things you never knew you never knew. † For the first time John Smith begins to listen to Pocahontas and realizes how ignorant him and his crew have been to think they can claim any land they come across, treating the natives like wild beasts.All this time the Europeans have looked down upon the primitive culture of the natives, thinking that they were sub-human, and needed to be nurtured and tamed just like animals; however in this moment John Smith see’s the free spirit in Pocahontas, and he admires her connection to the nature all around her. He begins to see that the Natives are just normal human beings in their natural element, a thriving off of the world around them, with no need of technology, or any of the advancements the westerners were bringing to the New World.Overall, Disney’s film, Pocahontas, does a wonderful job contr asting the cultures of the â€Å"primitive other† and â€Å"civilized self† with Pocahontas and the Indians as the primitive other and John Smith and the Europeans as the civilized self. We are able to see through the Europeans, their ethnocentrism, and their naive attitudes that leads them to believe they own whatever land they land on and can treat the natives however they want. Disney however plays out this film in a way to show us his view on this ethnocentric bias and how he believes it to be wrong and unlawful.He makes the viewer side with the Indians and portrays the Indians as the good guys and the Europeans as the bad guys. Disney was trying to send a message that this whiteness way of thinking is not always correct and can sometimes bring harm to others even when its not intentional. Works Cited: Pocahontas. Walt Disney Feature Animation, 1995. Film. Seriff, Suzanne. â€Å"Cultural Anthropology: ANT 302. † University of Texas. Spring 2013.

Nursing Research: Patients View

A national survey of GP and nurse attitudes and beliefs towards depression after myocardial infarction  Joanne Haws, Janet Ramjeet and Richard Gray 2011 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 3215–3223 Aim— to investigate attitudes to depression after myocardial iunfraction Background. Depression after myocardial infarction affects almost half of all patients and has a considerable negative effect on recovery.Despite the increased prevalence of depression in this population, it is often not recognised or treated. Results—Diagnosing depression was perceived as complex by both groups but significantly more so by nurses. We observed that training seems to have a significant effect on reported practice. Practitioners who reported that they had recent training in the management of depression were significantly more accurate in their estimate of how common depressionwas in this population.Depression may be underdiagnosed in this population be cause primary care practitioners, especially nurses, are not aware of how common the disorder is and lack competence in diagnosis. There is merit in developing and testing a brief training intervention to ensure competence in depression screening and treatment in post-myocardial infarction patients. Relevance to clinical practice. Diagnosing depression in post-myocardial infarction patients is perceived by nurses as complex but training in the management of depression is seen as helping practice.SupportLack of supportive recourses can have serious implications for patient care and treatment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..stated that nurses did not feel supported by management and the ward environment was not appropriate for psychiatric patients.A similar study by Happell et al (2009) discovered that nurses need the support of management and colleagues. Nurses in this study felt unsafe on the unit because of lack of facilities and institutional resources to address client needs and staff safety fa ctors. A study by Bjongarrd et al (2007) highlights an additional problem in meeting all patients’ needs and  demands by asserting many patients with severe mental illness can also be recourse-draining.Promoting mental health care in a rural paediatric unit  through participatory action research  Brenda Happell,1,2 Lorna Moxham,1,2 Kerry Reid-Searl,1–3 Trudy Dwyer,1,2 Julie Kahl,4 Jodie Morris2 and Narelle Wheatland 3  Aust. J. Rural Health (2009) 17, 155–16A study designed by Happell et al 2009, provides a different view with the aim of promoting mental health care in a rural paediatric unit. The study desgin involved a participatory action research approach proving 24 nurses with the opportunity to become actively involved. This study involved paediatric nurses however results yielded similar to studies on general nurses attitudes in relation to mental illness. This study indirectly implies that mental health is considered a specialist discipline area by many other nursing disciplines and indeed the general public.A lack of understanding of general nurses’ role in the management of young people admitted to the paediatric unit with an acute mental illness, meant participants’confidence in caring for such patients’ was affected: I just never feel like I’m doing the right thing when Ilook after them. [FG1] Participants felt as though they were constantly seeking support and all expressed a strong desire for professional education, training and workshops.Patients viewWorld health organisation 2013People with mental disorders around the world are exposed to a wide range of human rights violations. The stigma they face means they are often ostracized from society and fail to receive the care they require—or in management.People with mental disorders may also face discrimination on a daily basis including in the fields of education, employment and housing.Patients view Johan Ha °kon Bjà ¸rngaard Ã⠀  Torleif Ruud Æ Svein Friis The impact of mental illness on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship.  A multilevel analysis Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2007) 42:803–809 Background The relationship between patients and their clinicians is an essential factor in psychiatric treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship. Method involved collection of data from 969 patients.Patient’s satisfaction with therapeutic relationship was assessed with a six-item scale: sufficient time for contact/dialogue, clinicians’ ability to listen and understand, follow-up of planned interventions, respect for patients’ views/opinions, cooperation among clinicians, and patients’ influence on treatment. Mental illness was assessed using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Diagnoses were established using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems—10th revision (ICD-10). Treatment outcomes were clinically assessed retrospectively by rating changes from start of treatment on seven items. Multilevel regression analysis was used for a simultaneous analysis of the contribution of patient and team variables. ConclusionsPatients’ perceptions of the therapeutic relationship may be influenced by psychopathology. Teams comprising many patients with severe mental illness may constrain the therapeutic relationship. Hence, resources and organizational measures should be carefully considered in such care units.Because response rates in surveys of patient satisfaction with psychiatric services are usually low, results cannot be unequivocally claimed to be representative of all patients [12, 28]. Although it seems that patients with more severe mental illnessare less likely to participate in patient satisfaction surveys [12] , the possible consequences of low response rates are not fully understood. The following study attempts to overcome the previous limitations of research reported in the literature by analyzing the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship.Data was collected from 8 community mental health centres  which operate operate as local psychiatric hospitals, offering outpatient, day treatment, ambulatory care and limited inpatient services, such as short-term crisis intervention units and longer-term rehabilitation units. All patients receiving treatment during the census period were asked to complete a questionnaire. Clinician-rated information was collected on all patients and could be linked to the patient questionnaire if patients had given their consent to the linkage. Of the 3,040 patients, 1,194 (39%) returned the questionnaire.We were able to link 969 of the 1,194 to the clinical data, as some patients had not given consent to such link age. This study showed that patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship was related to clinical assessment of mental illness, both due to each patient’s psychopathology as well as to the composition of mental illness severity in each team.A study by Johan et al (2007) takes a different perspective by analysing the influence of psychopathology on patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship. Data was collected from 3,040 patients and only 1,194 (39%) returned the questionnaire. Patient’s satisfaction was assessed using a six-item scale and the patient’s level of mental illness was then assessed using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale.For instance, it is likely that the patients’ mood would be affected by the severity of their illness; hence, to some extent, experiences could be coloured by the mental illness itself. The results of this study indicate that patient’s d egree of mental illness has an effect on their satisfaction of the therapeutic relationship. These results were to be expected as patient’s moods are likely to be affected by the severity of their illness. The results of this study however are limited because of low response rates (only 39% of mental health patients responded) (Johan et al 2007). Low response rates have long been indicated as a common problem in mental health user surveys (Ruggeri 1996).

The Catcher in the Rye - Journal

The Catcher in the Rye - Journal The Catcher in the Rye shows many displays of themes in which J.D. Salinger stays true to, from start to finish. On page 5, Holden is on his way to Spencer's house and he says "terrifically cold...you felt like you were disappearing every time you crossed a road." Similar words appear later in the book on pages 197 and 198 when Holden says, "I had this feeling that I'd never get to the other side of the street...Allie don't let me disappear." Holden's words here open a door to a great portion of the motifs expressed throughout the novel. Holden mentioning that he is cold along with him disappearing once he crosses demonstrates loneliness. His cry for help or comfort from Allie proves his inability to trust or connect with the people surrounding him, let alone people that are alive. Holden's feelings of never reaching the other side or disappearing while crossing the road, the street being symbolic of not just a physical, tar road but of a passageway in life, illustrates his fears of progressing.Jerry Kirkhart's Montaà ±a de Oro Hazard Tidepool D...In the novel, numerous times Holden refers his knowledge of something/someone to a book. For example on page 76 Holden claims he knows Jane (Gallagher) like a book. Normally, one would compare having such knowledge to the back of her hand, or some bodily feature. Reading is a solo activity that occurs in the mind, not involving anyone else or revealing anything to others; includes alienation, thus Holden being fond of it.During the entire book, Holden constantly does things; he never lounges alone without movement. He always makes conversation with strangers, or smokes, etc. For instance, on page 88 Holden talks about elevators and then says, "All of a sudden you have to walk." Holden's need to walk is the same as Holden's...

Method Overloading Default Parameters in Delphi

Method Overloading Default Parameters in Delphi Functions and procedures are an important part of the Delphi language. Starting with Delphi 4, Delphi allows us to work with functions and procedures that support default parameters (making the parameters optional), and permits two or more routines to have an identical name  but operate as completely different routines. Lets see how Overloading and default parameters can help you code better. Overloading Simply put, overloading is declaring more than one routine with the same name. Overloading allows us to have multiple routines that share the same name, but with a different number of parameters and types. As an example, lets consider the following two functions: {Overloaded routines must be declared with the overload directive} function SumAsStr(a, b :integer): string; overload; begin   Ã‚   Result : IntToStr(a b) ; end; function SumAsStr(a, b : extended; Digits:integer): string; overload; begin   Ã‚   Result : FloatToStrF(a b, ffFixed, 18, Digits) ; end; These declarations create two functions, both called SumAsStr, that take a different number of parameters and are of two different types. When we call an overloaded routine, the compiler must be able to tell which routine we want to call. For example, SumAsStr(6, 3) calls the first SumAsStr function, because its arguments are integer-valued. Note: Delphi will help you pick the right implementation with the help of code completion and code insight. On the other hand, consider if we try to call the SumAsStr function as follows: SomeString : SumAsStr(6.0,3.0) Well get an error that reads: there is no overloaded version of SumAsStr that can be called with these arguments. This means that we should also include the Digits parameter used to specify the number of digits after the decimal point. Note: There is only one rule when writing overloaded routines, and that is that an  overloaded routine must differ in at least one parameter type. The return type, instead, cannot be used to distinguish among two routines. Two Units - One Routine Lets say we have one routine in unit A, and unit B uses unit A, but declares a routine with the same name. The declaration in unit B does not need the overload directive - we should use unit As name to qualify calls to As version of the routine from unit B. Consider something like this: unit B; ... uses A; ... procedure RoutineName; begin    Result : A.RoutineName; end; An alternative to using overloaded routines is to use default parameters, which usually results in less code to write and maintain. Default/Optional Parameters In order to simplify some statements, we can give a default value for the parameter of a function or procedure, and we can call the routine with or without the parameter, making it optional. To provide a default value, end the parameter declaration with the equal () symbol followed by a constant expression. For example, given the declaration function SumAsStr (a,b : extended; Digits : integer 2) : string; the following function calls are equivalent. SumAsStr(6.0, 3.0) SumAsStr(6.0, 3.0, 2) Note:  Parameters with default values must occur at the end of the parameter list, and must be passed by value or as const. A reference (var) parameter cannot have a default value. When calling routines with more than one default parameter, we cannot skip parameters (like in VB): function SkipDefParams(var A:string; B:integer5, C:booleanFalse):boolean; ... //this call generates an error message CantBe : SkipDefParams(delphi, , True) ; Overloading With Default Parameters When using both function or procedure overloading and default parameters, dont introduce ambiguous routine declarations. Consider the following declarations: procedure DoIt(A:extended; B:integer 0) ; overload; procedure DoIt(A:extended) ; overload; The call to DoIt procedure like DoIt(5.0), does not compile. Because of the default parameter in the first procedure, this statement might call both procedures, because it is impossible to tell which procedure is meant to be called.

Competitive use of Information at E-bay.com Essay

Competitive use of Information at E-bay.com - Essay Example Most relevant influencing factor that paved the way for a new thrust in doing business is the prolific use of technological advancement and application generated by the Internet. Global organizations reportedly operate within an Internet economy. According to Fichter (2003), â€Å"the term â€Å"Internet economy† emphasizes the networking of economic actors and processes by means of electronic communication media and the related change in structures of value creation, mechanisms of market function, professional life, and consumption patterns† (p. 26). Likewise, Bazdan (2011) asserted that â€Å"one of the newest evolving positive trends is electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce. The process consists of buying and selling various products or services over electronic systems, such as the Internet and other computer networks† (p. 45). From among the most identifiable successful participants in the Internet economy, two organizations from the United States are prominent: eBay.com and Amazon.com (Bazdan 2011). The current discourse focuses on presenting a critical analysis of eBay, including its brief historical overview, strategies and analysis of its performance using Porter’s five forces and SWOT. History of E-Commerce (The Digital Age) Different studies have identified the origin of e-commerce from varied time frames. The earliest originating date was noted that â€Å"in its purest form, electronic commerce has existed for over 40 years, originating from the electronic transmission of messages during the Berlin airlift in 1948. From this; Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) was the next stage of e-commerce development† (Obayi, 2011, p. 18). According to Hiser, Lanka, Li & Oliver (n.d.) the date that was identified to originate e-commerce was 1984 when â€Å"EDI, or electronic data interchange, was standardized through ASC X12. This guaranteed that companies would be able to complete transactions with one another reliably† (p. 1). Both sources have acknowledged EDI as commonly present and instrumental in the development and growth of e-commerce. The popularity of use and applications offered by the Internet in 1993 was noted to have made a wave of effects, specifically labeled as first and second waves of the internet economy (Fichter, 2003). This meant that the evolution of global organizations that increasingly relied on the Internet gradually shifted their focus from â€Å"stationary computers and terminal devices† (Fichter, 2003, p. 26), to the proliferated use of mobile and telecommunication devices that could be linked directly on the organizations’ Internet providers. The term e-commerce was likewise defined as â€Å"an electronic transaction is the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, governments, and other public or private organizations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. The goods and servi ces are ordered over those networks, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on- or off-line† (OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2001; cited in Fichter, 2003, p. 27). Likewise, Obayi (2011) clearly stipulated that e-commerce includes the following essential ingredients, to wit: â€Å"1. Electronic trading of physical goods and of intangibles such as information. 2. All the steps involved in trade, such as on-line marketing, ordering payment and support for delivery. 3. The electronic provision of services such as after sales support

Leadership for Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership for Change - Article Example Through consultations, leaders must develop informative networks of reliable people. Besides the ability to envision the position of the organization and determine the activities to undertake to achieve such, leaders must have effective communication and persuasion abilities to enable them address the organization’s different publics effectively. Doing this is also a method of motivating productivity from the subjects. However, the leader must also prepare for certain managerial obstacles and devise effective ways of overcoming such in order to revamp the operations of the organization and safeguard productivity. A leader should anticipate the obstacles and learn from the critics in order to build a cohesive team through effective decision-making (Rosabeth, 2003). In brief, the ideas in the article are relevant in leadership studies. The author carefully develops adequate background to the topic and describes the concept of leadership before introducing the factors that contribute to the success of a leader. He uses simple and sentences that are easy to understand thereby improving accessibility to his information. Additionally, he also discusses realistic leadership challenges thus providing the learners with a basis for brainstorming. I am for the reading and recommend it to any student pursuing a course in

Changing Of The Status Of Women Around The World Over Time Essay

Changing Of The Status Of Women Around The World Over Time - Essay Example The authors have encompassed the entire globe in their work without neglecting any important area or region of the world. The authors have quoted the words delivered from the mouth of Gabriela Oviedo (426), Miss Bolivia 2003, who laments ethnic-racial discrimination to be observed against the South Americans and blacks, though her having the opportunity of winning the title of Miss Bolivia remarkably alludes to the rights enjoyed by women even in the backward countries of the third world. It remarkably reflects the revolutionary alterations in the traditional and conventional cultural values of the social establishment being observed at the global scale, under which the women used to be suppressed by the male dominant social setups. Women were restricted to domestic responsibilities in the Asian and African colonial states during the imperialism surge, and their intermixing with males was strongly a socially disapproved phenomenon, and separate dresses and hairstyle etc prevailed for women (534). It is, therefore, the countries were lagging far behind from the European nations because of the negation of women from the nation-building activities altogether. Somehow, the situation has observed significant alterations in modern times, and western attire and styles have made their sure headway in the former colonial states, where like the European citizens, men and women wear the same clothes and active participation of women in business, politics, military services and other social and financial activities have turned out to be the order of the day in contemporary era. Thus, penetration of the western cultural patterns into the oriental societies of Americas, India, and Africa has introduced imperative modifications in the individual and collective life of the people at large by discouraging and eliminating the elements of discrimination towards the female folk (Hansen & Curtis 536-7).

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Overview

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Overview Tara Rushdi Haydar Sinar Selahaddin Merdan Rojgar Mewlud Murad Contents (Jump to) Introduction What is GSM? GSM Network Architecture What is Roaming? What is GRAN? Requirement need for building GSM Generation of GSM Conclusion References Introduction GSM is a connection between two people − a caller and the called person – is the basic service of all telephone networks. To apply this service, the network must has ability to set up and maintain a call, which includes some tasks: identifying the called person, determining the location, routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is continued until conversation lasts. After the transaction, the connection is terminated. In a fixed telephone network, providing and managing connections is an easy process, because telephones are connected by wires to the network and their location is permanent from the networks’ point of view. Whereas, in a mobile network, the establishment of a call is more complex task, because it doesn’t have wire and permanent location. It enables the users to move by wireless (radio) connection. What is GSM? GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular technology transmits mobile voice and data services. It is a  digital  mobile telephony system that is widely used technology in the world. The GSM market has more than 70 percent of the worlds digital cellular subscribers. The GSM makes use of narrowband  Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)  technique for transmitting signals. The GSM was developed by using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. GSM operates at either the 900  MHz  or 1800 MHz frequency band. In Europe, operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands and in US, operates 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands. The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-slots. Cell phones use GSM network by searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area. GSM carriers have roaming contacts with other GSM carriers and typically cover rural areas more completely. GSM also has the advantage of using SIM (SubscriberIdentityModule) cards. The SIM card, which acts as your digital identity, is tied to your cell phone service carrier’s network rather than to the handset itself. This allows for easy exchange from one phone to another without new cell phone service activation. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM  mobile phone users worldwide. GSM World references China as the largest single GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users. GSM network architecture The GSM network is divided into three major systems: The operation and support system (OSS) The switching system (SS) The base station system (BSS)     Ã‚   GSM network architecture The Operation and Support System (OSS) The OSS stands for operation and support system. The function of OSS is that monitors and controls the system. The aim of OSS is that customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are needed for a GSM network. An important task of OSS is to ensure a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. The Switching System The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and  Subscriber-related functions. The switching system (SS) includes some functional units: Home location register (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscribers service profile, location information, and activity status. When a person buys a subscription, he/she is registered in the HLR of that operator. Mobile services switching center (MSC)—The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. Also, it performs toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others functions. Visitor location register (VLR)—The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. Authentication center (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the users identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in todays cellular world. Equipment identity register (EIR)—The EIR is a database that includes information about the identity of mobile equipment that intercepts calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The Base Station System (BSS) All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs). BSC—The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to Service each cell in the network. BSC controls a group of BTSs. MS MS stands for Mobile Station. It is a combination of terminal equipment and subscriber data. The terminal equipment is called ME (Mobile Equipment) and the subscribers data is stored in a separate module called SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). Therefore, ME + SIM = MS. The SIM card contains an identification number of the user and list of available networks. What is Roaming? Roaming allows a mobile subscriber to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of their home network, by means of using a visited network. Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming between network operators is based on – and the commercial terms are contained in – dedicated roaming agreements. If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is known as national roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as international roaming. If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home network, this is known as inter-standard roaming. GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the mobile subscriber the convenience of being able to use a single number, a single bill and a single phone. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver behind the global success of the GSM Platform. The GSMA’s  GSM Coverage Maps  are a unique resource containing information supplied and approved by the members of the Association. The network, services and roaming information are continually updated to reflect the evolving situation worldwide. Interactive coverage maps, updated quarterly, allow you to navigate to see where exactly you can use your phone. What is GRAN? GRANis an abbreviation of  GSMRadio Access Network. It consists of  Base Transceiver Stations  (BTS) and  Base Station Controllers  (BSC). Its purpose is to manage the radio link between  mobile phones  and a  telecommunicationcore network. This access network provides access to both  Circuit switched  (CS) and  Packet switched  (PS) core networks. Aradio access network(RAN) is part of a mobile  telecommunication  system. It implements a  radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between devices like a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its  core network  (CN). Depending on the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as the user equipment. Network Management Subsystem (NMS) The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is the third subsystem of the GSM network in addition to the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various functions and elements of the network. The operator workstations are connected to the database and communication servers via a Local Area Network (LAN). The database server stores the management information about the network. The communications server takes care of the data communications between the NMS and the equipment in the GSM network known as â€Å"network elements†. These communications are carried over a Data Communications Network (DCN), which connects to the NMS via a router. The functions of the NMS can be divided into three categories: Fault management Configuration management Performance management These functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs. Fault management The aim of fault management to detect different type of problems then solve them rapidly. Fault management provides the network operator with information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history database of alarms. The alarms are stored in the NMS database and this database can be searched according to criteria specified by the network operator. Configuration management The purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-date information about the operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific configuration functions include the management of the radio network, software and hardware management of the network elements, time synchronization, and security operations. Performance management In performance management, the NMS collects measurement data from individual network elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the network operator is able to compare the actual performance of the network with the planned performance and detect both good and bad performance areas within the network. Requirement need for building GSM Hardware and software A typical GSM base station, can’t do anything without a suite of components that maintain databases, perform call- ­switching functions, and so forth. This infrastructure is expensive (typically around $250,000) and complicated to configure, and it needs to be stored in an air-conditioned room. Obviously, that’s impractical in the kinds of places  ­OpenBTS is designed for. As a result, the system replaces much of the physical infrastructure of the core network with VoIP software–in this case, an open-source program called Asterisk that can be installed on any off-the-shelf PC. IP Connection Cell-phone users on an OpenBTS network can reach each other even if the system isn’t connected to the Internet, but reaching someone outside the network requires an Internet connection. On Niue, the group used five-gigahertz IP radios to link the BTS unit to Telecom Niue’s wired Internet infrastructure, four kilometers away. Burgess says that response time can get a bit sluggish if the Internet connection isn’t very good, but it doesn’t take much bandwidth to make the system functional. Power supply The system deployed on Niue draws about 60 watts of power, supplied by three marine batteries of the type that many locals use on their boats. Because the system’s power requirements are so low, Burgess says, a base station could also run on solar or wind power. GSM  handset OpenBTS re-creates the technology behind GSM (the global system for mobile communications), which is used by the majority of mobile phones in the world. Any GSM phone will â€Å"see† an OpenBTS network as a standard cell network and interact with it normally. Antenna Like any cell network, an OpenBTS system requires an antenna to facilitate signaling. Different types of antennas can be used, according to the range the operator wants the network to have. Generation of GSM First generation technology(1G) First-generation mobile systemsused analog transmission for speech services. It offered handover and roaming capabilities, but it was unable to interoperate between countries. So, this is disadvantage of first-generation. Second generation technology(2G) Second generation mobile system used digital transmission. It able to use handover and roaming capabilities. It uses FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Third generation technology(3G) Third generation technology has fast data transfer rate. It enables to add services like mobile television, GPS, and video conferencing. Services include a wide area wireless voice telephony, video call, and broadband wireless data, all in mobile environment. Fourth generation technology(4G) Fourth generation technologyhas more bandwidth and services than 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is the high quality audio/video streaming overend to end Internet Protocol, and work at 100 Mbps for mobile users and upto 1 Gbps over fixed stations. The word â€Å"MAGIC† also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized services. Fifth generation technology (5G) Fifth generation technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth, high connectivity, and has extraordinary data capabilities. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include alltype of advanced features which makes5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, largephone memory ,dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market, so may be incoming days 5G technology takes over the world market. Conclusion Year by year, the GSM system improves and its subscribers increases around the world. It divides into three main parts that are OSS, SS, and BSS. These parts include some important department that manages the system, stores information of users, and another tasks. GSM has ability to roam worldwide and has roaming agreements in place with foreign operators globally. So, users can easily use their same SIM in another cities or countries. GSM network facilitate easier access to cellular and satellite platforms across international lines. Using digital technology, it employs both speech and data channels in its system. In addition, GSM has network management subsystem that detects problems and solves them, maintains information up to date, and detects good and bad performance of a network. References http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_radio_access_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_network http://www.gsma.com/aboutus/gsm-technology/roaming https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/global_system_for_mobile_communication_technology.pdf http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_overview.htm http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/gsm.htm http://www.academia.edu/3099956/Generations_of_Wireless_Communication._From_0G_to_5G_Abhi http://www.technologyreview.com/hack/418552/build-your-own-cellular-network/