Gay Marriage Should Be Legal - 2280 Words

Transgender Discrimination The United States has been divided on LGBTQ issues for a long time, and last year when the Supreme Court ruled that gay marriage was legal, many states have tried to discover creative ways to ignore the law or pass bills that restrict LGBT rights. Since gay marriage has become legal in all fifty states, many activists have taken to focusing on gaining more equality for transgender people. States, such as Mississippi and North Carolina, have also tried to pass anti-transgender bathroom laws. These laws have caused massive backlash but have also received support from many citizens. The laws require people to go to the bathroom that corresponds with the gender on their birth certificate. Not only are these laws almost impossible to enforce, they openly discriminate against transgender people, encourage hate, and affect people who are transgender negatively, mentally and physically. The bathroom has become a political battleground for civil rights in America, a nd it is imperative to the nation’s future civil rights liberties how the bathroom debate is handled. Bathroom segregation has a long history in the United States. It began in the 1800s when women first started working in factories. Different bathrooms for men and women were put into place, for privacy and to better control the work environment. This initiated public bathrooms and sex segregation in America (Rhodan). Segregation was taken a step further with the passing of Jim Crow laws, whichShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Shou ld Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant

Improving Eye Care Rural India Free Essays

How private entrepreneurship is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes Introduction CATARACT refers to the clouding of the lens in the human oculus, impacting vision.[ 1 ]In the underdeveloped universe, cataract is the cause for sightlessness in about half the unsighted population i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Eye Care Rural India or any similar topic only for you Order Now 50 % of the recorded figure of blindness instances.[ 2 ]While jobs of unavailability continue to blight many parts of the developing universe – about two-thirds of the population in many developing states are unable to entree quality medical resources A ; substructure chiefly because quality medical attention or oculus attention in this instance is still urban-centric[ 3 ]– all hope is non lost yet. In India excessively, where 90 % of the instances are treatable, most Indians lack entree to quality oculus attention.[ 4 ]In the early 1990s, the state was home to a 3rd of the universe ‘s unsighted people and here excessively cataract sightlessness was the major cause in most instances. The World Bank decided to step in and assist the Indian authorities trade with the job, passing $ 144.8 million between 1994 and 2002 on the Cataract Blindness Control Project under which 15.3 million oculus surgeries were performed.[ 5 ]The World Bank-funded undertaking was mostly implemented in northern India and it helped cut down the incidence of cataract, in the provinces that were covered under this undertaking, by half. But India is a really large state and it decidedly needs a more sustainable attack to covering with cataract sightlessness given that it has a ample ageing population. One such attack is the Aravind Eye Care System, a three-decade old run that has been contending catarac t sightlessness preponderantly in the southern Indian province of Tamil Nadu. Working in the same way is the L V Prasdad Eye Institue, runing from the neighboring province of Andhra Pradesh. Both Aravind and LVPEI, apparatus in the mid 1970s and the mid 1980s severally, have been focused on taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes from the really first, most of it free of cost. In the larger context, this paper discusses how private entrepreneurship is taking quality Eye Care to the rural multitudes in India. This paper will discourse the Eye Care bringing theoretical account aimed at contending Cataract Blindness in the context of the Culture-Centered Approach ( CCA ) . The Culture-Centered Approach advoates greater engagment with the local civilization, â€Å" through duologues with community members † , to guarantee â€Å" just † and â€Å" accessible † health care across communities ( Dutta-Bergman, 2004a, 2004b ; Dutta and Basu 2007 as quoted in Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, this paper will utilize the Drawn-out Technology-Community-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account ( Chib A ; Komathi, 2008 ) to explicate the intersections between engineering, community and the direction of information communicating engineerings ( ICT ) in the context of the CCA and the Eye Care bringing theoretical account adopted by the private health care p articipants i.e. the non-governmental administrations ( NGOs ) . Harmonizing to the TCM theoretical account ( Lee A ; Chib, 2008 ) , the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement â€Å" will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions. † Culture-Centered Approach Globalization has led to an increasing realization that the Biomedical[ 6 ]theoretical account of health care is limited in range when prosecuting in issues of planetary wellness ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Dutta ( 2008 ) says that many societies now feel the demand to â€Å" open up the infinites of wellness communicating to the voices of cultural communities † i.e. there is now greater awarness of the demand for better battle with marginalised communities. Culture is dynamic. That civilization has an of import function to play in wellness communicating is better understood today. But this construct began pulling widespread attending merely in the early 1980s, particularly in the U.S. when health care practicians felt a demand to follow multiple schemes to turn to the health-related issues of a multicultural population ( Dutta, 208 ) . â€Å" This helped oppugn the universalist premises of assorted wellness communicating plans † aimed at the developing states and the so called third-world states ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The Culture-Centered Approach was born out of the demand to oppose the dominant attack of wellness communicating, located within the Biomedical theoretical account, where wellness is treated as a â€Å" cosmopolitan construct based on Eurocentric[ 7 ]apprehensions of health-related issues, disease and the intervention of diseases † ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , the CCA is a better alternate to understanding wellness communicating because it is a â€Å" value-centered † attack. The CCA is built on the impression that the â€Å" significances of wellness † can non be cosmopolitan because they are ingrained within cultural contextsm, he argues. The CCA has its roots in three cardinal constructs i.e. ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ . The term ‘culture ‘ refers to the local context within which so called wellness significances are created and dealt with. ‘Structure ‘ encompasses nutrient, shelter, medical services and transportational services that are all critical to the overall health care of assorted members of a community. ‘Agency ‘ points to the â€Å" capacity of cultural members † to negociate the constructions within which they live. It must be noted that ‘structure ‘ , ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture ‘ and entwined and they do non run in isolation. Dutta ( 2008 ) , in his book Communicating Health, farther elaborates that the CCA throws visible radiation on how the dominant health care political orientation serves the demands of those in power. Powerful members of society create conditions of marginalistaion. Therefore the focal point of the CCA lies in the survey of the intersections between ‘structure, ‘agency ‘ and ‘culture in the context of marginalised communities. To understand better the jobs faced by the marginalised, the CCA advocates the health care practicians engage in duologues with members of the concerned community. Each community has its ain set of narratives to portion and this is critical to understanding the local civilization. The CCA besides aims to document opposition, of any sort, to dominant political orientations as this helps beef up the instance of the CCA against the dominant health care theoretical account. The CCA, harmonizing to Dutta ( 2008 ) , provides sufficient range to analyze physician-patient relationships, in a command to finally better the health care bringing theoretical account. Adopting the CCA is merely half your job solved ; the integrating of the CCA with the Extended TCM theoretical account completes the image. The Extended TCM Model The TCM theoretical account ( Lee A ; Chib, 2008 ) argues that the larger inquiry of societal sustainability depends on both local relevancy and institutional support. The TCM Model proposes that the intersection of ICT features of engineering, along with the dimensions of package and hardware, undertaking direction dimensions of fiscal demands, the regulative environment, and stakeholder engagement, along with local community engagement, will finally take to sustainable ICTD intercessions ( See Figure 1.1 ) . Figure 1.1: The TCM Model. The TCM theoretical account was further revised. Community was subdivided to include: manners of ownership of ICT investings and net incomes ; preparation of community users both in the usage and in engineering direction ; and the basic demands of the community. Furthermore, Sustainability was besides subdivided into fiscal and societal ( see Figure 1.2 ) . RTCM.jpg Figure 1.2: The Revised TCM Model Chib A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) found that the TCM Model was unequal as it could non analyze the critical issue of exposure. Therefore, their survey improved on this insufficiency by adding important factors and variables associating to exposure. They extended the TCM theoretical account, and called it the Extended Technology-Community-Management ( Extended TCM ) theoretical account ( see Figure1.3 ) . Figure 1.3: The Extended TCM Model This new model on ICT planning histories for community engagement, the direction constituents, the overall design of engineerings such as telemedicine or tele-consultation, and rating of bing exposures in the community where these engineerings are implemented. It identifies four dimensions of exposures act uponing engineering execution among the rural hapless: economic exposure, informational exposure, physiological/psychological exposure, and socio-cultural exposure. Chib A ; Komathi ( 2009 ) farther explain each dimension of exposure: Physiological and psychological exposures refer to the physical and mental wellbeing of an affected individual, or a specific community. Informational exposure trades with the entree to and handiness of information within affected communities. Informational resources include personal paperss, books and critical informations, sentiment leaders and professional experts, . The deficiency of such resources affects the capablenesss of people who are dependent on them. In a rural scene, informational exposure is farther augmented by the low literacy degrees and deficiency of pertinent â€Å" technological accomplishments necessary to enable the acquisition and processing of information. † The economic exposure is sparked off by the loss of support i.e. a loss of activities that otherwise financially back up families and prolong economic growing in a rural scene. The socio-cultural exposure of communities is deter mined by â€Å" the construction and values of a given society that define human relationships in communities. † Hierarchies in any society ( gender, race, faith, caste, age and category equalitarianism within communities ) or a community frequently dictate entree to resources and assets, and the decision-making power of people. Cataract Blindness in India At the beginning, one has to understand the agonies of the blind in India, in a rural scene – sightlessness, irrespective of the cause, consequences in a loss of support for an person. In rural India, like elsewhere, this would interpret into one less gaining member in the household, doing the unsighted individual a load to his/her household. This leads to a loss of self-respect and position in the household. In consequence, blind people in rural India, like in many other societies, are marginalized. Enter Aravind and LVPEI, who continue to endeavor to assist blind people in rural India and authorise them by giving them back their sight. There are many causes of sightlessness, like Diabetes for case. But Cataract is one of the prima causes of sightlessness in the underdeveloped universe. Records in India show that Cataract is the most important cause of sightlessness in the state ( Nirmalan et al. 2002 A ; Murthy et Al. 2001 ) . Cataract, studies say, is responsible for 50 to 80 per cent of the bilaterally blind ( Thulsiraj et al. 2003 A ; Thulsiraj et Al. 2002 ) .The aged are more at hazard of developing Cataract. India aims to extinguish gratuitous sightlessness by 2020 in line with ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy enterprise ‘ , launched jointly by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Many administrations worldwide are besides working in the way of extinguishing gratuitous sightlessness ( Foster, 2001 ) . The authorities in India and the World Bank launched the Cataract Blindness Control Project in seven provinces across India in 1994.A A From stopping point to 1.2 million cataract surgeries a twelvemonth in the 1980s ( Minassian A ; Mehra 1990 ) , Cataract surgical end product tripled to 3.9 million per twelvemonth by 2003 ( Jose, 2003 ) . In 2004, World Health Organization ( WHO ) information showed that there was a 25 per cent lessening in blindness prevalence in India ( Resnikoff et al. 2004 ) — the ground ( s ) could be the addition in Cataract surgeries countrywide. But there is a larger job here, that of population growing. The elderly population in India ( those aged over 60 old ages ) population which stood at 56 million people in the twelvemonth 1991 is expected to duplicate by the twelvemonth 2016 ( Kumar, 1997 ) . This ‘greying ‘ of India ‘s population merely suggests that the figure of people ‘at-risk ‘ of developing Cataract is invariably on the rises. In the larger sense, this paper aims to demo how private entrepreneurship in India is taking quality oculus attention to the rural multitudes in that state. This paper aimed to discourse the same through two instance surveies, that of the Aravind Eye Care system every bit good as the L V Prasad Eye Institute ( LVPEI ) . Unfortunately, email correspondence with LVPEI failed to arouse responses from this organisation. Given the restrictions of this survey, including clip restraints, this paper will explicate the Aravind Eye Care system in the context of rural Eye Care in India and the battle against Cataract Blindness – all this within the model of the CCA. Furthermore, this paper will review the concern theoretical account of NGOs like Aravind in the context of the Extended TCM theoretical account, including whether for-profit administrations are utilizing the rural multitudes to back up their concern theoretical account. In peculiar, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind Eye Care Dr. G. Venkataswamy had a really simple vision when he foremost setup Aravind Eye Care in 1976: â€Å" Eradicate gratuitous sightlessness at least in Tamil Nadu, his place province, if non in the full state of India. † Aravind began as an 11-bed private clinic in the laminitis ‘s brother ‘s house in the southern Indian metropolis of Madurai. Today, the Aravind Eye Hospital ( AEH ) at Madurai is a 1,500 bed infirmary. In add-on to Madurai, there are four more AEHs in Tamil Nadu ( Aravind.org ) with a combined sum of over 3,500 beds. By 2003 the Aravind Eye Care System as we know it today was up and running. The System continues to run under the auspices of a non-profit-making trust named the Govel Trust – it comprises of a fabrication installation ( for fabricating man-made lenses, suturas, and pharmaceuticals related to oculus attention ) ; oculus infirmaries ; instruction and preparation ( graduate institute of ophthalmology ) ; research installations ( complete with an oculus bank ) ; ) and a centre for community outreach plans ( Prahlad, 2004 ) . A typical twenty-four hours at Aravind now has physicians executing about 1,000 surgeries including free surgeries ; 5-6 outreach cantonments in rural countries where about 1,500 people are examined and near to 300 people are brought to an AEH for oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . How does Aravind make it? The administration has setup ‘vision centres ‘ or clinics in distant small towns, fitted with basic oculus attention equipment. Each clinic is manned by an ophthalmic helper and â€Å" these clinics perform basic scrutinies ; order disciplinary lenses and handle minor complaints. † If an oculus complaint can be cured by the application of oculus beads, these clinics are equipped to make so. For more complicated instances, such as Cataract Blindness, the patient consults an eye doctor based at an AEH in a nearby metropolis via the videoconferencing path. If the patient needs disciplinary surgery, he/she is asked to skip onto a coach waiting outside the ‘vision Centre ‘ that takes them to the nearest Aravind basal infirmary. The patients are operated upon the undermentioned twenty-four hours ; they spend a twenty-four hours in post-operative attention and so take a coach back to their small towns — all free of cost ( Laks, 2009 ) .[ 8 ] But it was n’t all gung-ho in the beginning ; more difficult work than anything else. There was no specific Outreach squad. A Everyone in the pool was asked to take part in Outreach programme. A † In the beginning ( in 1976-77 ) Dr. V and a little squad would see small towns and behavior oculus testing cantonments. Those who required Cataract surgery would so be advised to see the base infirmary for surgery. But Dr.V found that a bulk of those advised to undergo surgery would dropout, owing to socio-economic factors like fright of surgery ; deficiency of trust on Restoration of sight ; no money to pass for conveyance, nutrient and station operative medical attention and ( their ) opposition to western medical specialty, † harmonizing to the caput of Outreach activities at Aravind, R. Meenakshi Sundaram in his electronic mail response to my questions. These barriers were bit by bit addressed through assorted schemes. â€Å" We decided to affect small town heads and local organisations to take ownership of the Outreach programmes, in footings of placing the right location for the Eye Camp and supplying the needed support installations. Their aid was cardinal to community mobilisation. We organized a squad to standardise the quality in Eye Care service bringing. Furthermore, Dr. V focussed his attending on edifice infirmaries like one ‘s place where we usually expect basic civilization and values, † said Mr. Sundaram. â€Å" Fear of surgery was a common barrier in add-on to other factors. Possibly the credence for surgery was low in the beginning. But it was invariably explained at the community degree whenever cantonments were organized as the programme aims to function people at big. Particularly, in the twelvemonth 1992 the Intra Ocular Lens ( IOL ) was introduced and the rural community did non believe in holding a ‘foreign atom ‘ in their eyes. We came across a batch of myths. Those issues were addressed thru guidance, † added Mr. Sundaram. Recognizing the impact of guidance, a cell was developed within the System in 1992 and seven counselors were trained in the first batch of counselors ‘ preparation. They were given a basic orientation about common oculus jobs with a particular focal point on IEC. ‘Patient counselors ‘ i.e. patients who had undergone oculus surgery were asked to assist the Outreach squad. â€Å" They played their function in explicating oculus jobs in the local linguistic communication and tried to assist others recognize the effects of neglecting to accept surgery. Sing the myths, a existent IOL was used as instruction stuff to assist the rural common people understand the construct of the IOL, † Mr Sundaram said. The figure of counselors has steadily risen of all time since and stands at 179 at nowadays. How is the Aravind Eye Care System possible? Fiscal self-sustainability was the primary focal point from twenty-four hours one at Aravind. Initially, the organisation was given a grant by the authorities to assist subsidise the intervention costs for oculus cantonment patients ( Prahlad, 2004 ) and the Govel Trust besides pledged belongingss to raise money from Bankss in the early yearss. Prahlad ( 2004 ) states that the Madurai AEH, the first, was ever self-supporting every bit far as repeating outgos were concerned. Within the first five old ages of operation, the Madurai AEH had accumulated excess grosss for farther development and for the building of four other infirmaries in the Tamil Nadu province. He adds that over the old ages, the patient grosss generated from its five infirmaries located in five metropoliss finance the Aravind Eye Care System to a great extent. Furthermore, Aravind has besides taken to the management-contract path and it manages two infirmaries outside of its home-state. While metropolis common people are charged market rates for each consultancy and for surgery, patients in distant small towns pay merely Rs. 20 for three consultancies or SGD 0.60. ( TED, 2009 ) . Those who can afford to pay, the urban common people who visit Aravind ‘s infirmaries in urban locations on their ain, do non acquire discounted rates. Such a system of cross-subsidies ensures that merely 45 percent wage while the remainder are non charged at all i.e. about five out of every 10 patients examined at Aravind can be provided free oculus attention, including oculus surgery ( TED, 2009 ) . A cross-subsidising fiscal theoretical account is non the lone mantra[ 9 ]to Aravind ‘s success. Having been in the concern of presenting quality Eye Care for over three decennaries now, the System is well-positioned to leverage on the Aravind brand-name to pull contributions. Over the old ages, the organisation has received international acknowledgment for its work and this includ es the 2008 Gates Award for Global Health, and this twelvemonth ‘s Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize that carries a US $ 1.5 million hard currency award. Last but non the least is the money that flows into Aravind in the signifier of specific project-funding. One such patron is the London-based ‘Seeing Is Believing ‘ ( SiB ) Trust, a coaction between Standard Chartered Bank and the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness ( IAPB ) . Since 2003, ‘Seeing is Believing ‘ has grown from a staff enterprise to raise adequate money to fund a cataract operation for each member of the Bank to a US $ 40 million planetary community enterprise. I wrote to Standard Chartered Bank ( SCB ) inquiring them why they decided to spouse with Aravind and LVPEI. â€Å" LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, every bit good as Aravind Eye Hospital are premier oculus attention institutes in the state. India has a huge geographic spread and both these establishments work in different geographic zones of the state. LVPEI is outstanding in the south-eastern provinces of the state while Aravind is outstanding in the southern provinces of India, † said Pratima Harite, Manager ( Sustainability ) , Corporate Affairs- India in her electronic mail response to my questions. The principle behind the India Consortium Project is the ‘vision Centre ‘ concept – that a important proportion of oculus jobs corrected or detected at the primary attention degree has significant nest eggs to the person and to the communities. â€Å" Based on the success of LVPEI ‘s Vision Centre theoretical account, the India Consortium Project p roposed scaling up the development of Vision Centres in a coordinated affair in six provinces across the state. For this, LVPEI sought support from four key implementing spouses – Prime Minister oculus attention establishments themselves across the state, † added Ms. Harite. Singapore ‘s Temasek Foundation ( TF ) part-funds SiB activities in India, peculiarly in capacity edifice i.e. in heightening the preparation constituent of the SiB programme. Is this a feasible concern theoretical account? Aravind has perfected the theoretical account over the last three decennaries. They have the engineering, behind the picture audience, in topographic point – â€Å" a low-priced radio long-distance web ( WiLDNet ) † put together by the Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions ( TIER ) research group at the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.[ 10 ]This was done to get the better of the issue of zero internet connectivity or decelerate connexions that do non back up picture audiences in distant small towns ( Laks, 2009 ) . In 2004, a nomadic new wave with satellite connectivity was introduced to ease Tele-Consultations. The Indian Space Research Organisation ‘s ( ISRO )[ 11 ]aid was sought to this extent. The ‘vision Centres ‘ can easy pass on with the base infirmary ( some 30 to 40 kilometers. ) via orbiter. These ‘vision Centres ‘ efficaciously address the issue of handiness, affordability and handiness of quality Eye Care. â€Å" A series of Centres were started across the Tamil Nadu province. Each base infirmary is connected with a group of vision Centres. At present, we have 10 ‘vision Centres ‘ that operate on WiFi. The remainder tally on BSNL[ 12 ]broadband connexions, † Mr Sundaram said. Aravind has the bringing system in topographic point. A sound apprehension of the local civilization that in many instances is antipathetic to western medical specialty and where contemporary medical specialty is non the first and lone option to handle any disease or complaint. Why would a villager trust a physician who drives down one all right forenoon and says he would wish to run upon them? Aravind Begins by naming a voluntary group for each community ; some of these voluntaries are farther trained to function as ophthalmic helpers and even as nurses in Aravind ‘s infirmaries. In a rural scene, rural common people trust their friends, neighbours, and their ain people foremost. It is about making ownership to the job, like Mr. Sundaram said, and so partnering with the community to work out the job. Aravind ‘s fiscal consequences for the twelvemonth 2008-09 were healthy. It raked in ( income ) US $ 22 million and spent ( outgo and depreciation ) US $ 13 million.[ 13 ] Discussion That Aravind and other NGOs working in a similar way, like LVPEI for case, utilize the Culture-Centered Approach, as elaborated by Dutta ( 2008 ) , in presenting quality oculus attention to rural India is rather clear. Aravind, in peculiar, has successfully integrated the CCA with the Technology-Communication-Management ( TCM ) theoretical account, as elaborated by Lee A ; Chib ( 2008 ) to make a sustainable theoretical account for Eye Care bringing. ‘Accessibility ‘ and ‘affordability ‘ are the cardinal factors in such health care theoretical accounts. In taking this path, one has to guarantee that the engineerings chosen for the occupation are cost-efficient and easy to implement because capital outgo and operational outgo do play a critical function in finding the cost of health care services. Aravind has been able to maintain the cost of Eye Care bringing considerable low systematically for many old ages now. Critics argue that organisations like Aravind are feeding-off their theoretical account. At this point, it is of import to understand the ground-realities. In India, the divide between the urban ‘haves ‘ , and the rural ‘have-nots ‘ is merely acquiring wider with each go throughing twelvemonth. Harmonizing to UN projections released 2008, â€Å" India would urbanise at a much slower rate than China and have, by 2050, 45 % of its population still populating in rural countries † ( Lederer, 2008 ) . The Government in India is non making plenty to turn to the overplus of wellness issues that plague [ the assorted parts and communities in ] the state. The flagship strategy to better health care services in rural India, the National Rural Health Mission — launched in 2005 as a seven-year programme — has many of its ends yet to be achieved, and the authorities is now sing widening it to 2015, harmonizing to recent media studies. Despite many a au thorities claims and many a authorities schemes several small towns in provinces across India continue to depend on the private sector for quality health care or in this instance Eye Care. Give this state of affairs, Aravind and LVPEI ‘s work in the way of supplying low-cost Eye Care and free oculus surgeries to five out of every 10 patients they examine is a applaudable effort. A 2nd inquiry raised in this survey is, what is the function of the health care supplier in this instance – disseminate cognition to the grass-roots or live-off their health care bringing theoretical account? Aravind is making its portion in circulating cognition to the grass-roots. Most ophthalmic helpers who adult male the ‘vision centres ‘ are community members trained by Aravind. But one has to understand that the act of cognition airing in a distant rural scene has its challenges i.e. undertaking illiteracy, basic consciousness among others and these challenges can non be addres sed in merely a few old ages. The India Consortium Project, sponsored by SCB and Temasek Foundation, set a mark to put up 40 ‘vision Centres ‘ by 2010. So far, 32 ‘vision Centres ‘ are operational and the staying will be operational this twelvemonth, harmonizing to Ms. Harite. On the impudent side, a survey by Murthy et Al. ( 2008 ) argues that the ends of the ‘Vision 2020: the right to spy ‘ inaugural to extinguish Cataract sightlessness in India by the twelvemonth 2020 may non be achieved. But this should non discourage those working in this way. Both the populace and the private sector must go on to contend Cataract Blindness because that is the lone manner to undertake the job at manus. Last but non the least, this survey recommends that NGOs runing in the health care infinite expression at both the CCA and the TCM theoretical account to guarantee better service bringing. How to cite Improving Eye Care Rural India, Essay examples

Element of constructivist theory of justice - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Element of the constructivist theory of justice. Answer: The given media report is about the unethical practices prevailing in the insurance arm of the Commonwealth Banks of Australia (CBA). The issues that are faced due to the unethical practices of the bank are:- Forged and deleted documents. Sacked whistle-blowers. Human misery. Small print gotchas. Defensive management. Profit maximization by any necessary means. Lack of effective and efficient corporate regulator. The word ethics means the principles that govern the behaviour of an individual, group or organization in conducting any activity. Every activity is guided by various moral principles like do good and avoid evil, do unto others as you would have them unto you, the end does not justify the means and follow what nature intends (Sturgeon Sayre-McCord, 2012). When a person or organisation is involved in activities based on these basic moral principles, it is said to be an ethical practice. When activities of a person or organization lack these moral principles, like the abovementioned practices of the CBA, it is said to be an unethical practice (Ioannou Serafeim, 2012). Hence, the issues discussed in the media rort are ethical issues as they have due to lack of ethics in the CBA practises. In understanding ethics there are two approaches. They are the descriptive approach and normative approach. Descriptive approach basically means the study of how people behave and how they think they should behave. It is way of looking at the people the way they are, rather than what they should be (Giorgi, 2012). On the other hand, normative approach refers to the study of how people are ought to behave. It is an argumentative approach that aims at sorting out the best behaviour (Noddings, 2013). To understand ethics by using these two approaches, it requires determining of certain questions in each approach:- Descriptive approach There are the reasons behind the unethical practices that cause trouble. There are companies, which have a code of ethics. Normative approach The employees should report about the unethical practices in his or her workplace. It depends on certain conditions whether business pay the accountants to reduce taxes The given report on CBA reflects both these approaches for understanding ethics. As for understanding the ethics in this case, various questions on the reasons for unethical practices in CBA, code of ethics in CBA, prevailing policies CBA, etc, the descriptive approach is required. For determination and questions on the way employees should react and the directors should act, the normative approach is required for proper understanding of ethics (Burgess Plunkett, 2013). Being a director of the Board of the CBA, I would prefer putting an end to the unethical practices by adopting the utilitarian approach. Utilitarianism states that the action that maximizes utility is the best action. It is a version of consequentialism that states that the consequences of any action can only decide what is wrong and what is right. The utilitarian approach takes into consideration, the net benefits and costs to the stakeholders and all others likely to be affected (Svara, 2014). In the case of the unethical practices of the CBA, insurance arm, I would use the utilitarian approach to first set a code of ethics for the CBA. Secondly, for the benefit of the investors, would make new policies that would provide them security and fair returns of their capital. For the benefit of the employees I would conduct surveys and use new job satisfaction strategies so that the employees are satisfied with the job conditions and do not indulge in unethical practices. Thirdly, I woul d appoint an able, efficient and proper corporate regulator, who can regulate the CBA functions and prevent unethical practices and will try to maintain good relations with the political parties, which are also stakeholders of the bank. I would use the utilitarian approach and make policies and takes all such actions that will benefit all my stakeholders. As a shareholder of the CBA and where there is a dilemma whether the organizational culture of CBA is rotten and if so, whether there is any prospect of such culture to change, my continuation of being a shareholder will depend on the aspects of moral principles in the organisational context, prevailing in the CBA (Mc Kee Eraut, 2012). I would first see the organisational norm that is prevailing in the CBA that is whether the employees work by taking into consideration the individual moral values of the shareholders or they just work with a motive to meet their work objectives without giving importance to individual morality. Secondly, my continuation as a shareholder would depend on the fact whether the CBA, having a large structure, lacks individual moral responsibility or not. Being an advisor of CBA for the insurance policies, I would defend these policies in the following ways At Stage 2 of Kohlbergs Levels of Cognitive Moral Development I would defend the CBA insurance policies in this stage by stating that people recognize the needs of others and they may try to meet them only when their needs are also fulfilled. They usually decide the wrong and right based on the consequences to themselves (Gibbs, 2013). At this stage, I, being an advisor of the CBA would sell the insurance policies keeping in mind the benefits I am getting from it. Stage 4 of Kohlbergs Levels of Cognitive Moral Development Being in this stage I would defend the insurances polices by stating that everyone recognizes certain guidelines for right and wrong, which is required for the smooth running of the society. But people think that these rules are inflexible, whereas with time the society changes and these rules should also be changed (Vine, 2012). Therefore, I will only act according to the law and order of the society, unless there is conflict with the social duties. When there is conflict with the social duties, I will not act in accordance with the law and order set by the society. A scholarship for low income and social disadvantage According to the Rawls theory of justice, a scholarship for low income and social disadvantage is a justification. According to Rawl`s theory, justice is the first virtue of social institution and he aims to solve the problem of distributive justice by using various devices of social contract (Forst, 2012). This theory is also known as Justice as fairness, from which Rawls derives the two principles of justice. According this theory of justice, liberty must be given to all members of the society and liberty of one member shall not collide with the liberty of another. Secondly, this theory states that inequalities, either economic or social, shall only be allowed if the worst of it will result in better than that of equal distribution. Furthermore, this theory also states that if there is such a beneficial inequality, it should not make it hard for the ones without resources to occupy positions of power. It can be said that Rawls in his theory of justice makes it clear that whether th ere is economic or social equality or inequality, it shall not create difficulties for those having limited resources and justice must be provided to them (Corlett, 2016). Hence, a scholarship for low income and social disadvantage is a just action according to Rawls theory of distributive justice, as it is a just action that provides justice to those having limited resources. Bibliography Burgess, A., Plunkett, D. (2013). Conceptual ethics I.Philosophy Compass,8(12), 1091-1101. Corlett, J. A. (Ed.). (2016).Equality and liberty: analyzing Rawls and Nozick. Springer. Forst, R. (2012).The right to justification: Elements of a constructivist theory of justice. Columbia University Press. Gibbs, J. C. (2013).Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Giorgi, A. (2012). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method.Journal of Phenomenological psychology,43(1), 3-12. Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2012). What drives corporate social performance? The role of nation-level institutions.Journal of International Business Studies,43(9), 834-864. Mc Kee, A., Eraut, M. (2012). Introduction. InLearning trajectories, innovation and identity for professional development(pp. 1-19). Springer Netherlands. Noddings, N. (2013).Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. Univ of California Press. Sturgeon, N., Sayre-McCord, G. (2012). Moral explanations.G. Sher, Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory, 164-181. Svara, J. H. (2014).The ethics primer for public administrators in government and nonprofit organizations. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Vine, I. (2012). 27. Moral Maturity in Socio-Cultural Perspective: Are Kohlbergs Stages.Lawrence Kohlberg, 431.